HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & TAXONOMY Flashcards
PPT and Discussion Based
Systematic study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye
Microbiology
Involves the study of: Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites, Fungi
Microbiology
Why do we study microbes?
To provide a specific identification
Provide better treatment/alternative
Presence of bacteria in blood
Sepsis
Causing septic shock, fever, chills
Sepsis
Suggested that disease is caused by “invisible living creatures”
Girolamo Fracastoro
Father of protozoology and bacteriology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1st person to observe and describe microorganisms and called them as “animalcules”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Used magnifying glass to see animal cells
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Father of modern microbiology
Louis Pasteur
Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
Discovered spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
Proponent of biogenesis
Louis Pasteur
Creation of Attenuated Vaccines
Louis Pasteur
Dead form of organism
Anthrax and Rabies
Attenuated
Fermentation
Louis Pasteur
If infectious agent nagpass by tas wala kang symptoms/di ka susceptible
Exposure
If host manifested infectious agent
Infection
Contact from another source to another source
Exposure
Coined by Edward Jenner
Vaka
Developed the antiseptic system of surgery
Joseph Lister
Instructed personnel to conduct handwashing
Bed applied disinfectant (phenol-alcohol but toxic)
Joseph Lister
Koch’s Postulates
Robert Koch
Discovery of Bacillus anthracis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Kochs Bacili)
Robert Koch
Culture of bacteria using media
Robert Koch
Use of agar and petri dish in cultivating bacteria
Robert Koch
Presence of organism should be related to the infectious state of the host (disease have should also be the one introducedO
Robert Koch
CAP BAP
Gram positive
Promote cultivation of bacteria
Agar
Evidence required to establish etiologic relationship between microorganism and disease
Koch’s Postulates
(1) Microorganism must be observed in every case of the disease
(2) It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
(3) The pure culture, when inoculated in animals, must reproduce the disease
(4) Microorganism must be recovered from the diseased animal
Koch’s Postulates
Discovered salvarsan to treat syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
Prevents growth in the surrounding media
Penicillin
An area of science that deals with the study of 3 distinct but interrelated disciplines (classification, nomenclature, ID)
Taxonomy
Polyphasic taxonomy is based on
Genotypic (genetic make-up) characteristics
Phenotypic (biochemical) characteristics
Phylogenetic (evolutionary relationships)
Through time they have evolved to a certain organism
Ability to adapt to the environment
Phylogenetic
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
Time-of-flight
Mass spectrometry
MALDI-TOF MS
Father of taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
Binomial classification (proper naming of organism, genus species)
Carolus Linnaeus
Nomenclature is limited to two taxa
Genus and species
What letter of the genus is capitalized and can be abbreviated
First letter
Species name starts using what letter
Lowercase letter
Both components are either
italicized or underlined
Basis: Cellular organism and Nutritional pattern
5 kingdom system
Robert Whittaker (1969)
5 kingdom system
Monera/Prokaryotae
Fungi
Protistae
Animalia
Plantae
Basis: Cellular organization and function
Domain system
Carl Woese (1971)
Domain system
Bacteria
Eukaria
Archaea
Subspecies
Strains
Biovars
Serovars
Hierarchical Classification
Domain
Kingdom (composed of similar divisions)
Division or Phylum
Class
Order
Family (have common attribute)
Tribe
Genus (contains different species)
Species (Epithet) (most basic taxonomic group)
Subspecies
Organism population that is differentiated from populations within species
Strains
Variant prokaryotic strains characterized by biochemical or physiological differences
Biovars
Variation in serological reactions; strains with distinctive antigenic properties
Serovars
Strain that has difference in terms of morphologies
Same species different morphology
Morphobars
Capitalized and ends in -aceae
Family name
Ends in -ales
Order name
End in -eae
Tribe names
Written in lowercase
Species (epithet/specific epithet)
Species can be abbreviated as
sp. (singular) or spp. (plural)
In transferring species from one genus to another, the ___ is retained, example Campylobacter pylori»_space; Helicobacter pylori
Species
The type of strains of organisms are deposited in reference type culture collections such as
ATCC and NTCC
