Historical Anthropologist

Question 1

Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 1

Initiator of kinship studied

Question 2

Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 2

first social evolutionist in anthropology to relate the development of the family to the ways people make a living

Question 3

Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917)

Answer 3

British

Leading Social Evolutionist in England (1860-1910)

Question 4

Sir Edward Burnett Taylor

Answer 4

reputation as an “armchair anthropologist” but did support fieldwork in his students (first Anth prof at Oxford)

Question 5

Sir Edward Burnett Taylor

Answer 5

coined the use of the term culture

Question 6

Sir Edward Burnett Taylor

Answer 6

research focus of mythology, folklore, and linguistics

Question 7

Franz Boas

Answer 7

German (central figure in 20th C. American Anthropology)

professionalized anthropology as a discipline

Question 8

Franz Boas

Answer 8

founder of cultural relativism –developed from his military time amongst the Inuit if Baffin Island –”…civilization is not something absolute, but … is relative, and … our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes” (1887)

Question 9

Franz Boas

Answer 9

after 1885 focused his research on the N. American West Coast cultures

Question 10

Franz Boas

Answer 10

professionalized anthropology as a discipline

Question 11

Alfred L. Kroeber

Answer 11

American

student of Boas – ethnographic work amongst First Nations in California

Question 12

Alfred L. Kroeber

Answer 12

his work combined the ideas of holism and cultural relativism

Question 13

Alfred L. Kroeber

Answer 13

founder of the ‘culture and personality’ school of thought in anthropology

Question 14

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 14

Austrian

one of the founders of ethnographic fieldwork

Question 15

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 15

in his pioneering research of the Trobriand islanders he recorded “texts” freely on the scene as well as in set interviews, and observed reactions with an acute clinical eye

Question 16

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 16

presented a dynamic picture of social institutions that clearly separated ideal norms from actual behaviour and in doing so laid much of the basis for modern anthropological field research

Question 17

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 17

founder of functionalism school of thought

Question 18

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 18

seek to describe the different parts of a society and their relationship through the organic analogy

Question 19

Bronislaw Malinowski

Answer 19

suggested that individuals have physiological needs (reproduction, food, shelter) and that social institutions exist to meet these needs- there are also culturally derived needs and four basic “instrumental needs” (economics, social control, education, and political organization), that require institutional devices

Question 20

Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 20

Theory that states that social traits are selected over time and gradually develop into behavioral or social norms.

Question 21

Alfred L. Kroeber

Answer 21

examines the interaction between psychological aspects of the individual and the overreaching culture

Question 22

Alfred L. Kroeber

Answer 22

focus on cultural history

Question 23

Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard

Answer 23

British

instrumental in the development of social anthropology

Question 24

Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard

Answer 24

worked to have anthro moved out of the natural sciences and into the humanities

Question 25

Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard

Answer 25

developed the concept: “risk” - how accusations, blame and responsibility are deployed though culturally-specific conceptions of misfortune and harm

Question 26

Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard

Answer 26

developed the concept
“observer bias” - anthropologists rarely succeeded in entering the minds of the people they studied, and so ascribed to them motivations which more closely matched themselves and their own culture, not the one they are studying

Question 27

Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard

Answer 27

develop the concept:
translation” - the main issue facing anthropologists was one of translation - finding a way to translate one’s own thoughts into the world of another culture and thus manage to come to understand it, and then to translate this understanding back so as to explain it to people of one’s own culture

Question 28

Ruth Fulton Benedict

Answer 28

American

Student of Boas and trained in cultural relativism

Question 29

Ruth Fulton Benedict

Answer 29

One of the founders of “culture and personality” school of thought

Question 30

Ruth Fulton Benedict

Answer 30

Developed the concept of “patterns” – “every culture selects along an ‘arc of traits’ choosing from a universal span pieces that at once fit together and create a distinct character”

Question 31

Ruth Fulton Benedict

Answer 31

Anti-racism activist – dismantled scientific claims of different intellectual endowments among racial groups

Question 32

Margaret Mead

Answer 32

American
“popularized’” anthropology by writing about it in the mass media and for publishing research results in book format (with no discipline jargon)

Question 33

Margaret Mead

Answer 33

one of the most controversial anthropologists

Question 34

Margaret Mead

Answer 34

her reports about the attitudes towards sex in South Pacific and Southeast Asian traditional cultures amply informed the 1960s sexual revolution

Question 35

Margaret Mead

Answer 35

broadened sexual mores within a context of traditional western religious life

Question 36

Margaret Mead

Answer 36

revolutionized western ideas of child rearing

Question 37

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Answer 37

French

the “father of modern anthropology”

Question 38

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Answer 38

argued that the “savage” mind had the same structures as the “civilized” mind and that human characteristics are the same everywhere

Question 39

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Answer 39

one of the central figures in the structuralist school of thought
–the search for the underlying patterns of thought in all forms of human activity

Question 40

Clifford Geertz

Answer 40

American

development of thick description and symbolic or cultural anthropology

Question 41

Clifford Geertz

Answer 41

culture serves as a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms that serve to impose meaning on the world and make it understandable

Question 42

Clifford Geertz

Answer 42

critical issue in understanding other cultures, is the question of meaning and interpretation

Question 43

Clifford Geertz

Answer 43

argued that aspects of social interaction have multiple meanings on many different levels and the role of an anthropologist is to bring out all these interpretations to created an integrated web of meaning, symbolism and ritual in human behaviour

Question 44

Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 44

American

Author of the first ethnography (1851) about the Iroquois