HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS Flashcards
WEEK 2 LEC 1 VID
Comes from the Latin word Scientia, meaning ‘Knowledge’.
Science
Technology
Application of scientific knowledge
J.Heilbron (2003)
Science is a discovery of regularity in nature (principles and law of natural phenomena)
Make complicated tasks easier.
Allow people to do more with so little effort and time.
Technology
A systematized body of knowledge based on facts, observation and experimentation.
Science
People were concerned with???
transportation, navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and protection, as well as health, aesthetics, and architecture
Comes from the Greek root word techne meaning art, or skill.
Technology
People in the ancient times were able to
invent or discover things that would impact the lives of the modern people
-most significant
-to go places and discover new horizons.
Transportation
to trade their surplus goods in exchange for the things they lacked.
Transportation
assisted them in their journeys.
Navigation
to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts
Communication
for food and to find better locations to settle
Transportation
to remember the places they had been
Record Keeping
↑ number of nations = ↑ demand for food and necessities.
Mass Production
so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures & civilizations.
Record Keeping
people need to produce their needs using limited resources.
Mass Production
to prevent common conflicts especially in different groups or cultures.
Security and Protection
to document the trades they made
Record Keeping
use of weapons and armors (development of these are considered as their major achievements.)
Security and Protection
Health
“Conservation of life”
focuses on the construction. (transportation, establishments for protection, different infrastructures.)
Engineering
Given this predicament, science and technology played a major role in discovery of cures and prevention of illnesses.
Health
addresses their specific needs and wants.
Engineering
Known as the first writing system.
Sumerian Civilization
Cuneiform
System that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments.
Sumerian Civilization
Cuneiform
Allowed the Sumerians to keep records with historical value.
Sumerian Civilization
Cuneiform
Through the use of irrigation canals and dikes, water was supplied in the city.
Mesopotamian Period
Irrigation and Dikes
Considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works
Mesopotamian Period
Irrigation and Dikes
Does not need much human resource.
Mesopotamian Period
Sailboat
Essential in transportation and trading as well as fostering culture, information, and technology.
Mesopotamian Period
Sailboat
Surface water came from euphrates and tigris rivers.
Mesopotamian Period
Irrigation and Dikes
Commonly used in agricultural processes like milling grains for food processing.
Mesopotamian Period
Watermill
The first wheels weren’t made for transportation.
Mesopotamian Period
Wheels
Rice, cereals, and flours
Mesopotamian Period
Watermill
Less time and effort to operate
Mesopotamian Period
Watermill
The wheels were used in 3500 BC
Mesopotamian Period
Wheels
Created in 3000 BC
Mesopotamian Period
The Plow
Advantages of using the plow in farming
Mesopotamian Period
The Plow
They made the roads with the same technology that they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid on the grounds.
Egyptian Civilization
Paper or Papyrus
Before the Egyptian innovation clay tablets were very fragile and heavy to handle. They were able to process Papyrus plants in order to produce thin sheets in which one could write down things. The invention was a major accomplishment in Egyptian record keeping and communication.
Egyptian Civilization
Hieroglyphics
Hieroglyphics was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient Egyptians.
They made the roads with the same technology that they used in making the sun-baked bricks that they laid on the grounds.
Mesopotamian Period
Roads
The invention of roads was very useful especially during rainy seasons.
Mesopotamian Period
Roads
is located in North Africa.
Aside from Engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things in the world now considered essential.
Egyptian Civilization
Most commonly seen inside the pyramids
Egyptian Civilization
Hieroglyphics
Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided by their Gods, A system of writing using symbols
Egyptian Civilization
Hieroglyphics
Protection from evil and a sign of holiness.
Egyptian Civilization
Cosmetics
Used for both health and aesthetic reasons.
Egyptian Civilization
Cosmetics
Used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays of the sun.
Egyptian Civilization
Wig
Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases.
Egyptian Civilization
Cosmetics
Egyptian Civilization
Wig
Worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes.
Considered cleaner than natural hair.
Egyptian Civilization
Wig
Roman Civilization
Water Clock/Clepsydra
Utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other.
Greek Civilization
Alarm clock
Purpose to stop or when to stop an individual
The amount of water remaining determines how much time has elapsed since full.
Roman Civilization
Water Clock/Clepsydra
Known as the birthplace of western
philosophy and mathematics.
Greek Civilization
Plato utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture
Used four water vessels lined up vertically
One of the major contributions of the Romans
Roman Civilization
Newspaper
Gazettes - Contain announcements of the Roman Empire to the people
Stone Tablets or Metal -> Paper
Roman Civilization
Newspaper
Paper → easier for civilizations
Roman Civilization
Bound Books or codex
Documenting historical events and legislated laws.
Roman Civilization
Bound Books or codex
One of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire continuing the legacy of Greek architecture due its resemblances.
Roman Civilization
Roman Architecture
Literature
Papyrus = pages of books
Animal skin = cover of book
Roman Civilization
Bound Books or codex
Famous among other
ancient civilizations because of its silk trade.
Chinese Civilization
oldest civilization in
Asia,
Chinese Civilization
Originally focused at a goal to create an elixir that can be used or cause immortality, but instead it became the source of bullet propellant for most gun weaponry and fireworks to date.
Black powder
Chinese Civilization
Silk
Naturally produced by silkworms.
The Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing.
The silk trade bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom.
is attributed with the invention of paper.
(chinese civilization)
Cai Lun (202 BCE-220 CE), a Chinese official working in the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty,
Period of time of history of new systems, warfare, education, and religious conflicts.
Middle Ages
Dark Ages/Early Middle Ages
(401-1000 A.D./C.E.),
After the Battle of Talas in 751 CE, during which the Chinese were defeated, two Chinese prisoners are believed to have leaked the secrets to making paper.
A paper mill was soon established, and many refinements were made to the process.
Spread Of Paper-Making To The Islamic World
(1001-1300 A.D./C.E.),
High Middle Ages
Late Middle Ages
(1301-1500 A.D./C.E.).
were used to harness the power of the wind to generate useful energy for humans.
It is also used to pump water from a well and traditionally used for processing grains.
MIDDLE AGE
Water And Windmills
Nowadays, modern windmills _____
turn wind energy into electrical power.
Quarantine was derived from the Italian words quaranta giorni which mean_____
40 DAYSS
separates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick.
MIDDLE AGES
QUARANTINE
The function of quarantine
is to stop or limit the spread of disease.
A machine by which text and images are transferred to paper or other media by means of ink, using a method known as block printing, in which wooden blocks are coated with ink and pressed to sheets of paper.
MIDDLE AGE
Printing Press
Instead of using wood blocks, Gutenberg used metal instead. This became known as a “movable type machine,” since the metal block letters could be moved around to create new words and sentences.
MIDDLE AGE
Printing Press
Gutenberg made the very first printed book, which was naturally a reproduction of the Bible.
MIDDLE AGE
Printing Press
Medium of exchange. It is used for transaction-related purposes of goods and services.
MIDDLE AGE
PAPER MONEY
There is no evidence that exists to prove who is the original inventor of eyeglasses.
Medieval glasses are not easy to wear- either to hold them while using them or exerting pressure on the nose to keep them in place.
MIDDLE AGE
EYEGLASSES
Store of value. Money must hold its value over time, in order to be a medium of exchange.
MIDDLE AGE
PAPER MONEY
To improve the vision of people who have vision problems.
It corrects the focus of the eyes.
It helps us to see better.
MIDDLE AGE
EYEGLASSES
Invented between 1280s A.D. and 1300 A.D. in Italy.
MIDDLE AGE
EYEGLASSES
Unit of account. Providing a common measure of the value of goods and services.
MIDDLE AGE
PAPER MONEY
This device was vitally important to the sailors, and navigators since the days of classical antiquity.
Compass
A device used to determine the cardinal points of the Earth, namely North, South, East and West.
Compass
Coffee houses are establishments that primarily serve coffee. They have also served as hubs for exchanging ideas and conducting business in the middle ages.
Coffee Houses
A display: graduations and needles (“hands”) provide access to the measured information.
MIDDLE AGE
Mechanical Clock
A regulator: A pendulum measures time precisely & without variations. The escapement system, linked to the pendulum, enables control of the rate of energy release.
MIDDLE AGE
Mechanical Clock
A source of energy that can produce rotary motion (a driving weight).
MIDDLE AGE
Mechanical Clock
A regulator: A pendulum measures time precisely & without variations. The escapement system, linked to the pendulum, enables control of the rate of energy release.
MIDDLE AGE
Mechanical Clock
MIDDLE AGE
Heavy Plough
To turn and break up soil
To bury crop residues
To help control weed growth
It turned European agriculture and economy on it’s best
A source of energy that can produce rotary motion (a driving weight).
MIDDLE AGE
Mechanical Clock
We still use gunpowder today in grenades, rockets, guns etc. Usually, gunpowder is used for military purposes to defend our country.
MIDDLE AGE
GUNPOWDER
It is a semiconductor device made up of gallium arsenide phosphide that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. The output can range from red to blue-violet according to its wavelength.
MODERN ERA
LED Light
invented the first visible LED light (color red) in 1962
MODERN ERA
LED Light
(Inventor) Nick Holonyak
(Reason for its Discovery) of LED light
LEDs were originally discovered as an option for general lighting. Also to reduce the need for reflectors and diffusers that can trap light.
Radiologic way of forming images of the anatomy and physiological processes of the human body in both health and disease.
MODERN ERA
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner
MODERN ERA
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanner INVENTOR & HOW IT WAS DISCOVERED
(Inventor) Raymond Vahan Damadian
(How it was discovered) Damadian used the concept of NMR which uses magnetic field gradients and creates 2D images. He adjusted specific frequencies and used sensitive points in spatial localization to obtain 3D imaging.
(Reason for its discovery) For further knowledge and early detection of cancer cells.
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of Telephone
Device that converts sound and electrical waves into audible relays, and is used for communication.
MODERN ERA
TELEPHONE
In researching ways to teach the deaf, he experimented with transmitting sound via electricity. He applied for a form of patent on March 7, 1876. Three days later he performed a demonstration of the new device, speaking the words. “Mr Watson, come here, I want you.”
(Reason for its discovery) It helped improve communications between people at a distance
TELEPHONE (HOW IT WAS DISCOVERED)
With this prototype, his students could compute in a few hours what otherwise had taken days to accomplish.
they used electrically conductive paper to read a pair of x- and y- coordinates. That idea led to the first touch screen for a computer.
MODERN ERA
Touch Sensitive Devices
(Inventor) Samuel G. Hurst
(Function) Evolution of handheld devices
MODERN ERA
Touch Sensitive Devices
Credit Card
Allows you to borrow cash
Credit card how it was discovered
he idea of the credit card came to Frank McNamara in 1949 while he was having dinner at a restaurant in New York City. When it was time to pay the bill, McNamara realized he had forgotten his wallet. McNamara negotiated his way out of washing dishes to pay for his dinner by signing for it instead and promising to pay the restaurant back.
Reason for discovery in Credid Card (Modern Era)
A customer could eat without cash at any restaurant that would accept Diners Club credit cards. Diners Club would pay the restaurant and the credit card holder would repay Diners Club.
MODERN ERA
Bionic Arm(Bioprosthetics)
(Inventor) David Gow (1993)
(Function) To give a replacement arm to those who lost their arm from an accident, disease or war.
(Reason for its discovery) This medical and technological feat will help many amputees to still “feel” normal. This will make the amputees’ lives more forgiving than having no arms, which is a very important part of our body, especially nowadays where accidents are a norm, diseases like cancer are incurable and war taking place everywhere.
Comte de Several
(Function) Swiftwalker
(How it was discovered) It was like a scooter with wooden wheels and you pushed it with your feet. You also stopped it with your feet.
(Reason for its discovery) People could get around faster and not have to use horses. It could get you from place to place quicker.
MODERN ERA
Bicycle
(Inventor) Karl Benz
(Function) Transportation
(How it was discovered) It was discovered when Karl Benz made several identical copies and sold them to the people. This is also considered to be the first “production” vehicle and also the first modern vehicle.
(Reason for its discovery) Because the previous automobiles are slow and can easily overheat so that is why he made a car that has an electrical ignition, a water-cooled internal combustion engine and different gears.
MODERN ERA
Benz Patent-Motorwagen
MODERN ERA
3D Printing
(Inventor) Charles W. Hull (1984)
(Function) Turn digital files containing three-dimensional data-whether created on a CAD or CAM program, or from a 3D scanner-into physical objects.
(How it was discovered) Chuck Hull had been working for a company that used UV lamps to fashion tough, durable coatings for tables when he hit on the idea to take advantage of ultraviolet technology to make small prototypes.
(Inventor) Tim Berners Lee
(Function) It is an information space where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), interlinked by hypertext links, and can be accessed via the Internet.
MODERN ERA
World Wide Web/Internet
(Inventor) Guglielmo Marconi
(Function) First long-distance wireless communication and it’s wireless or radio.
MODERN ERA
Transatlantic Telegram
John O’Sullivan, Terrence Percival, Diethelm Ostry, John Deane, Graham Daniels
MODERN ERA
WI-FI
___ is a technology that uses radio waves to provide network connectivity.
MODERN ERA
WI-FI
In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, intended for use in cashier systems. The first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN. They are the ones credited with inventing Wi-Fi.
MODERN ERA
WI-FI
