histopathology Flashcards

1
Q

what do you look for in a biopsy *

A

is it normal

is it inflammed - chronic/infected

cancer/tumour - what type - important becasue require different treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are you looking for in resection specimens *

A

look at margins to see if it is clear from the tumour

is it inflammed

how far the cancer has spread - identify in the wall/outside nodes/ without cancer at all

see if all of the cancer has been removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

when are frozen sections taken *

A

during surgery

want to know if margins are clear

ave to make a rapid diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are you looking for when you look at a frozen section *

A

is it cancer

is it all out

is there someting else going on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the difference between a hospital and coroner’s post mortem *

A

hospital - ordered by clinician because something went wrong, dont know why died

coroner’s - because the death was suspicious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe how the sections are obtained *

A

specimen must be labelled properly

then fixed in formalin - this penetrates the tissue slowly

embedded in paraffin wax

cut using a microtope

specimen should be 4-5um

use HandE stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are done with the sections *

A

H and E normal stain can do others:

gram stain or ZN (positive for bacteria = red)

identify specific antigens using Ab - immunoistochemistry

carry out molecular tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do you get the sample for cytopathology *

A

look at individual cells

fine needle aspirations

in endoscopies when brushings of the tumour are taken

used in cervical and breast screening

fluids eg urine and ascities can be examined for cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how long does it take a histopath result to reach clinician *

A

frozen section - 30 mins

biopsy 2-3 days - longer if need special stain/immune

resection 5-7 days - bigger so takes longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

importance of post mortums * N

A

educate drs

see why treatment didnt work

determine the cause of deat

show spread of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when might histapathologists make diagnosises *

A

on biopsies

rapidly with frozen sections

fromn material removed by surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

benefits of cytology screening *

A

less invasive than histopathology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what samples are taken for cytology *

A

sputum

body fluids that contain cells

cervical smears

tissue obtained by fine needle aspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when would you need to use a frozen section

A

during surgery

to see if tumour

if margin of excision is adequate

if the lymph node is involved

if you have got the parathyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

explain the use of immunohistopathology *

A

use Ab to identify specific antigens

eg see lymphocytes in lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when would you use immunohistapathology *

A

with specific tumour markers to diagnose a tumour

can determine if a tumour is benign or malignant, its grade, cell type and origin of metastasis

17
Q

sign on slide of pneumocystis *

A

pink exudate

inflammatory cells between alveolar spaces

18
Q

how can you see a haemorrhage on post mortum *

A

lesions occupy the white matter - necrotic, haemorrhagic

19
Q

what are the cytological signs of high grade B cell lymphoma *

A

large irrecgular nuclei

increased rate of mitosis

(associated with EBV or HIV)

20
Q

what are the advantages of a frozen section biopsy *

A

if more tissue is needed it can be taken at tat time

malignant mass can be removed in that operation

if benign - mass might not need to be removed

help ensure the mass being removed is the intended mass

21
Q

when is immunohistochemistry used *

A

in the diagnosis of cancer- Ag are expressed wither new or upregulated

predict therapeutic response of cancers

confirm infectious agents

determine function of gene products

subclassification of neurodegenerative disorders

in brain trauma

muscular dystrophy

22
Q

information that can be got from immunohistochemistry *

A

cell markers

whether a tumour is benign or malignant

specific Ab

serum Ig levels