Histopathology 1 - Fundamentals of histology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell is predominant in the inflammatory process in acute appendicitis/gastritis/mastitis?

A

Neutrophilic inflammation

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2
Q

What are the 4 main causes of eosinophilia?

A
  1. Allergic reactions
  2. Parasitic reactions
  3. Tumous eg Hodgkin’s disease (not a neoplasm of eosinophils but a reaction to the neoplastic process)
  4. Eosinophilic granulomatosis
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3
Q

If ‘feline contractions’ are observed in the oesophagus, what is the pathology?

A

Eosinophilic oesophagitis - probably due to a food allergen (“asthma of the oesophagus”)

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4
Q

Which cells are most associated with LATE acute inflammation as well as chronic inflammation (granulomas)

A

Macrophages

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5
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Organised collection of activated macrophages (ordinary macrophages are phagocytic but when activated, they are also secretory)

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6
Q

What are the 2 most likely causes of granulomas?

A

Sarcoid
TB

Differentiate the two causes using the acid-fast Ziehl-Neelson stain

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7
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Malignant tumour of epithlial cells

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8
Q

What are the 2 key histological features of a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Keratin production
Intercellular bridges

(Keratin production depends on location e.g. present in skin SCCs but probably not in oesophageal, cervical or lung etc.)

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9
Q

What are the 2 key histological features of an adenocarcinoma?

A

Mucin production

Glands

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10
Q

What is the basic principle of how immuno-histochemistry works?

A

Use an antibody to a particular antigen in a tumour or infectious agent and then use stains/detection systems that detect those antibodies

E.g. immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase

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11
Q

How do histochemical stains work?

A

Chemical reaction between chemicals added in the stain and the tissue that causes a change in colour

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12
Q

What is used to stain amyloid?

A

Congo red stain

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13
Q

How does amyloid appear under polarised light?

A

Apple green birefringeance

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14
Q

Which polymorphs have a bilobed nucleus?

A

Eosinophils

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15
Q

What is cytokeratin a marker of?

A

Epithelial cells - so can identify carcinomas

Different epitheliums will have different cytokeratin subtypes (e.g. CK20 or CK7) -> helps identify the primary tumour

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16
Q

What is CD45 a marker of?

A

Lymphoid cells - so can identify lymphomas

17
Q

What stain can be used to detect melanin?

A

Fontana

18
Q

What stain can be used to detect iron (eg in haemachromatosis)?

A

Prussian Blue (think Prussia hated on both sides of IRON curtain)