histopathologic

Question 1

the first and most critical step

Answer 1

fixation

Question 2

procedure whereby calcium or lime salts are removed from the tissues following fixation

Answer 2

decalcification

Question 3

should be done after fixation and before impregnation

Answer 3

decalcification

Question 4

the commonly used decalcifying agent

Answer 4

nitric acid

Question 5

process in which it removes fixative and water from the tissue

Answer 5

dehydration

Question 6

types of dehydrating agents:

Answer 6

ethanol, methanol, acetone

Question 7

it involves removal of dehydrating agent and replacement by some fluid

Answer 7

clearing (de-alcoholization)

Question 8

the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissues and replaced by a medium such as agar, gelatin, or wax

Answer 8

wax impregnation/infiltration

Question 9

types of tissue impregnation and embedding media:

Answer 9

paraffin wax, celloidin, gelatin, plastic

Question 10

ways of paraffin wax impregnation:

Answer 10

manual and automatic processing, vacuum embedding

Question 11

the process by which the tissue is placed into a mold containing the embedding medium

Answer 11

blocking/embedding

Question 12

cutting the excess wax from the block to expose the tissue surface in preparation for actual cutting

Answer 12

trimming

Question 13

a process whereby tissues are cut into uniformly thin slices or sections with the aid of a machine, to facilitate the studies under the microscope

Answer 13

section-cutting

Question 14

a specialized precision cutting instrument which accurately and repeatedly slices sections from a block of embedded tissue

Answer 14

microtome

Question 15

used to preserve frozen tissue samples, slice tissue sections thin enough for microscopic examination

Answer 15

cryostat

Question 16

provides a quick diagnosis for a variety of diseases and medical conditions

Answer 16

cryostat

Question 17

a section is selected for staining and picked up onto a clean slide in a vertical position

Answer 17

floating out

Question 18

the slides are placed on the hot plate adjusted at melting point of wax for 5 minutes

Answer 18

drying sections

Question 19

process of applying dyes on the sections to see and study the architectural pattern of the tissue and physical characteristics of the cells

Answer 19

staining

Question 20

the most common method utilized for microanatomical studies of tissues using the regressive staining

Answer 20

routine hematoxylin and eosin

Question 21

done to preserve and support a stained section for microscopic examination

Answer 21

mounting

Question 22

final step in tissue processing

Answer 22

labelling

Question 23

occurs when tissue sections fail to spread properly

Answer 23

folds

Question 24

caused by defects in the microtome knife

Answer 24

knife marks

Question 25

tissue may be subjected to excessive pressure, tension or shrinkage during processing resulting in separations of tissue

Answer 25

separation

Question 26

solution accumulate precipitate that may stick to the surface tissue section during staining procedure

Answer 26

stain precipitates