Histopath - Systemic, Endo, CTD, Bone & Soft tissue Flashcards
AA Amyloid type
Serum amyloid A (acute phase protein synthesised by liver)
Long standing inflammatory disease e.g., Crohn’s, Rh arthritis
Al amyloid type
Derived from light chains
Seen in Multiple myeloma, B cell lymphoma
Hallmark feature of PID
Salpingitis
Classical of Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
CIN 1 = lower third
CIN 2 = lower two thirds
CIN 3 = entire thickness
Most common cervical cancer type
Squamous cell carcinoma
high risk (of cancer) HPV strains
16, 18, (33)
Which HPV viral proteins involved in cancer pathogenesis
E6 - binds p53
E7 - binds Retinoblastoma (Rb)
Most common uterine tumour
Leiomyoma (fibroid)
Staging of (endometrioid) uterine cancer
Stage 1A = <50% myometrial invasion
Stage 1B = >50% myometrial invasion
Stage 2 = invades cervical stroma
Stage 3A = invades serosa of corpus uteri and/or andexa
3B = vaginal and/or parametrial
3C1 = pelvic LN
3C2 = para-aortic LN
Stage 4A = bladder and/or bowel
Stage 4B = distant mets (intra-abdominal and/or inguinal lymph nodes)
Importance of POLE mutation in endometrial cancer?
Better prognosis
tumours often appear high grade histologically
What uterine cancers respond to Anti PD-1 mono therapy
EEC with POLE mutation
MSI tumour groups
Most common benign ovarian tumour
Serous cystadenoma
Syndromes that pre-dispose to ovarian sex cord stromal tumours
DICER 1 syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Most common renal cell carcinoma type
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (70%)
Which renal disease has Abs against phospholipase A2
Membranous glomerulonephritis
Which renal disease has Abs against (Type IV collagen in) basement membrane
Anti GBM “Goodpasture’s”
Causes acute crescentic glomerulonephritis
Stages of diabetic nephropathy
1 = thickening of basement membrane on EM 2 = increase in mesangial matrix, without nodules 3 = nodular lesions / Kimmelstiel-Wilson 4 = advanced glomerulosclerosis
Most specific Ab for SLE
Anti smith (against ribonucleoproteins)
but only 30% patients have it
Ab seen in drug related SLE
Anti-histone
Abs in systemic sclerosis
Limited (CREST) = anti centromere
Diffuse = topoisomerase (Scl70)
Ix findings in sarcoidosis
Hypergammaglobulinaemia
Raised ACE
Hypercalcaemia (vit D hydroxylation by activated macrophages)
Histology: (non caseating) granuloma +/- multinucleate giant cells