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Histopath of upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

What stains can be used on tissue sections? What structures do they stain?

A

Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
H: purple blue basic stain, stains acidic macromolecules e.g DNA, RNA
E: Pink acidic stain, stains basic macromolecules e.g. cytoplasm, collagen

Periodic acid Schiff (PAS): detects glycogen

Alcian blue: detects mucin

Masson’s trichome: detects collagen etc

Perl’s: detects iron

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2
Q

What is epithelium?

A

type of tissue, of lots of closely packed cells with little or no ECM
Usually form membranes or gland lining
Epithelium is separated from connective tissue by basement membrane
Diverse functions: protection (skin), secretion/excretion

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3
Q

What are the different types of epithelium? What kind of epithelial cells exist?

A

Types:
simple = one cell layer, direct contact with basement membrane
Stratified = more than one cell layer. Most superficial cells, furthest away from basement epithelium, are squamous cells. Deeper layers are usually columnar or cuboidal cells
Pseudo-stratified = one cell layer but arranged so that it looks multi-layered

Cell types:
squamous
columnar
cuboidal

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4
Q

What is squamous epithelium?

A

Generally flat cells found in simple epithelium structures where there is direct contact between cells and the basement membrane
Squamous epithelium allow for the passage of small molecules either via filtration or diffusion
Found in capillaries, glomeruli and alveoli

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5
Q

What is columnar epithelium?

A

Lines most organs of the digestive tract e.g. small intestine, stomach etc
Also found in the uterus
Often narrow and slender in shape
They may contain microvilli on their apical surfaces
And secrete digestive enzymes to help absorb nutrients
Height of cells is usually ~4x its width

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6
Q

What is cuboidal epithelium?

A

cube-shaped cells
Found in lining of kidney tubules and respiratory bronchioles
main functions include absorption, secretion and excretion
can be arranged as either simple or stratified epithelium

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7
Q

What is transitional epithelium?

A

type of stratified epithelium
consists of multi-layered epithelium, which can contract and expand to adjust to function.
Lines organs of urinary system
e.g. urothelium

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8
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Composed of ECM and a few cells

Provides structural and metabolic support

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9
Q

What is in extracellular matrix?

A

Fibres: collagen, elastin
Amorphous ground substance: a gel like substance
extracellular fluid

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10
Q

Which cells are present in connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
macrophages
lymphoid cells (e.g. plasma cells, leukocytes)

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11
Q

What is cartilage?

A 
Functions as supporting framework
Types:
hyaline (articular surfaces of bone)
elastic (ear)
fibrocartilage (intervertebral disks)
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12
Q

What is the function of bone?

A

support
protection
site for haematopoiesis

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13
Q

What are the different types of muscle?

A

Cardiac
Skeletal
Smooth

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14
Q

What is the nature of cardiac muscle?

A

striated

contains a centrally located nucleus

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15
Q

What is the nature of skeletal muscle?

A

attached to skeleton
striated
long cylindrical fibres with an eccentric nuclei

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16
Q

What is the nature of smooth muscle?

A

Present in hollow viscous organs
shorter cells with centrally placed nuclei
No striations

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17
Q

What is the nature of CNS nervous tissue?

A

neurons

supporting cells: microglia, Schwann cells

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18
Q

What is the nature of PNS nervous tissue?

A

bundles of parallel elongated nerve fibres (axons)
wavy, zig zag formation
oligodendroglia
astrocytes

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19
Q

What is pathology?

A

study of disease

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20
Q

What is histopathology?

A

study of cells and tissues at microscopic level to investigate disease
gold standard tests for diagnosis

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21
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Reversible transformation of one differentiated cell type into another differentiated cell type

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22
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Premalignant change within the epithelium
Dedifferentiation of a mature cell type
loss of maturation
Usually caused by a developmental abnormality not an acquired defect

23
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Abnormal or excessive cell growth

can be benign or malignant

24
Q

What are the main tissue layers of the GI tract?

A 
lumen
Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
submucosa
muscularis propria 
subserosa
serosa/adventitia
25
What sublayers are present in the muscularis propria layer of the GI tract?
towards lumen circular muscle longitudinal muscle
26
What kind of epithelium lines the oesophagus?
squamous epithelium
27
Describe the nature of the squamous epithelium that lines normal oesophagus
``` Superficial cells (near surface) flatten as they mature upwards Round Prickle cells exist deep into the epithelium near the basement membrane. These cells contain intercellular bridges ``` Basal layer adjacent to basement membrane contain stem cells
28
How does GORD/GERD affect squamous epithelium lining the oesophagus?
Damage to mucosa (erosive/non-erosive) Infiltration of damaged mucosa (impaired barrier function) with neutrophil polymorphs and eosinophils Basal cell hyperplasia following epithelium proliferation to replace damaged cells
29
What histopath changes can be observed for GORD/reflux oesophagitis?
erythema patches in lower oesophagus caused by inflammation secondary to acid reflux Infiltration of epithelium lining with inflammatory immune cells hyperplastic basal cell zone (layer immediately adjacent to basement membrane)
30
What are the main tissue complications of GORD?
Peptic ulceration (acid-induced benign ulceration) Replacement of squamous mucosa by glandular mucosa Columnar metaplasia = Barrett's oesophagus Development of dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus Development of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus
31
What are the structural indicators of peptic ulcerations in GORD?
overhanging ulcer edges of mucosa layer (adj to lumen) inflammatory slough within fibrin on surface of ulcer granulation tissue at base of ulcer granulation = fibrosis and angiogenesis
32
How can peptic ulcers in GORD heal leading to further complications?
Formation of benign peptic stricture at gastro-oesophageal junction due to scar tissue This may complicate reflux oesophagitis
33
How does an ulcer look in histopathology?
Well-defined margins | Clean base
34
What histopathological change is defined by Barrett's oesophagus?
metaplasia from squamous mucosa to columnar mucosa The latter is found normally in small and large intestine lining There may also be abnormal interspersed goblet cells found in Barrett's oesophagus, but this is not a structural requirement for Dx according to british guidelines
35
Under which condition can metaplasia be reversible?
If stimulus causing damage/metaplasia is removed | e.g. gastric acid can be suppressed using PPIs
36
What is dysplasia characterised by?
impaired cell differentiation: disorganised often failure to mature towards surface atypical nuclear features: pleomorphism increased or abnormal number of mitosis reactions
37
Describe the dysplasia that occurs in Barrett's oesophagus
Nuclei multilayering in surface epithelium hyperchromatism (excess chromatin) pleomorphism (variable cell size and shape) increased mitoses
38
Why does adenocarcinoma resulting from GORD present with dysphagia?
Luminal narrowing Infiltration of oesophageal walls with tumour cells These inhibit peristalsis
39
What is the classic histopathological signature for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus?
Diffuse signet-ring cell type | This type of cell has a large vacuole which is seen as a marker of malignancy in carcinomas
40
Where is squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus most commonly found?
Mid or upper oesophagus | ~40% incidence in west
41
Where does adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus most commonly found?
Just above or below the gastro-oesophageal junction | ~60% incidence in west
42
Globally, which type of oesophageal cancer is more common?
Squamous cell carcinoma
43
What are the main tissue layers of the stomach?
``` lumen mucosa submucosa muscularis propria serosa ```
44
The body and fundus of the stomach have specialised gastric mucosa function. What is the nature of this?
Mucous neck cells secrete mucus blanket over the mucosal surface: protection from digestive enzymes and acid Deeper specialised body-type glands
45
What 2 cell types are present in the specialised gastric mucosa of the gastric fundus and body?
Parietal cells: pink staining following H&E, secrete acid Chief cells: purple staining following H&E stain, secrete pepsinogen
46
The gastric antrum and pylorus contain non-specialised gastric mucosa. What are the main features of this?
Mucus blanket present over luminal surface Mucus secreted and made by mucous neck cells in crypts Mucous glands are found deeper in tissue And even deeper to that are endocrine cells (e.g. S and G cells) not seen on routine H&E staining
47
What are the main normal protective mechanisms found in the stomach?
Pepsin secreted as inactive zymogen (pepsinogen), only activated at low pH Mucus blanket continuously secreted and maintained by mucous neck cells Bicarbonate buffer secreted by epithelial cells in gastric neck/isthmus
48
What may interfere with the normal protective mechanism found in the stomach?
H. pylori infection Drugs e.g. aspirin, NSAIDs Alcohol Impaired mucin neck cells can result from excessive inflammatory stimulation -> impaired mucus blanket Bicarbonate secretion is stimulated by prostaglandins NSAIDs therefore will block PG synthesis and therefore bicarbonate secretion
49
What are the main complications of peptic ulcers in the stomach or duodenum?
``` iron deficiency anaemia (occult bleeding from small damaged vessels) Haematemesis or malaena (erosion of a major blood vessel, can cause shock or death) Perforation into peritoneal cavity (can cause chemical peritonitis, shock and death) erosion into adjacent organ/structures (e.g. pancreas) Scar formation (contraction of scar may cause stricture or obstruction or hourglass stomach) ```
50
What is the 'hourglass stomach' complication of peptic ulcers?
Deformity in the waist of the stomach such that it is constricted by fibrosis or scar formation Produced upper and lower cavity separated by a narrow channel in between Can cause early satiation and occasionally projectile vomiting
51
What are two histopathological types of adenocarcinoma in upper GI tract?
``` Intestinal type (metaplasia to columnar epithelium) Diffuse signet ring cell type ```
52
How do intestinal type adenocarcinomas usually present?
As ulcers or polypoid tumours | Ulcerated adenocarcinomas have a 'rolled' everted edge not as distinct at the edge of a peptic ulcer
53
How do peptic ulcers and adenocarcinomas differ on a slide?
peptic ulcers: no epithelial cells in submucosa | Adenocarcinoma: invasion if the mucosa and submucosa
54
How do diffuse signet-ring cell carcinomas affect the integrity of the stomach?
Stomach can be shrunken, thickened and non-distensile | Patient may present with early satiety

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