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MTAP 2 > HISTOPATH HANDOUT > Flashcards

HISTOPATH HANDOUT Flashcards

1
Q

Frequently dividing cells, to replace lost cells of the body

A

Labile cells

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2
Q

Not typically diving; do not frequently undergo cell division– only to replace injured cells

A

Stable cell

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3
Q

Do not undergo replication following maturation

A

Permanent cell

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4
Q

Incomplete or defective development of tissue/organ

A

Aplasia

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5
Q

The affected organ shows no resemblance to its normal mature structure; happens in “PAIRED” organs
Ex. Kidney, Gonads

A

Aplasia

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6
Q

Complete non-appearance of organ.

A

Agenesia

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7
Q

Failure or tissue/organ to reach normal mature adult size

A

Hypoplasia

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8
Q

Failure of organ to form an opening

A

Atresia

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9
Q

Acquired decrease in tissue / organ size

A

Atrophy

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10
Q

Develops as consequence of maturation

A

Physiologic atrophy

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11
Q

Ex. Atrophy of thymus at puberty; decrease in uterus size after child birth

A

Physiologic atrophy

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12
Q

Occurs if blood supply to an organ becomes reduced or below critical level

A

Vascular atrophy

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13
Q

Persistent pressure on the organ or tissue may directly injure the cell or may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply

A

Pressure atrophy

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14
Q

Due to lack of hormones needed to maintain normal size and structure

A

Endocrine atrophy

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15
Q

Due to lack of nutritional supply to sustain normal growth

A

Hunger/starvation atrophy

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16
Q

Inactivity or diminished activity/function

A

Atrophy of disuse

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17
Q

Too much workload can cause general wasting of tissues

A

Exhaustion atrophy

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18
Q

Increase in tissue / organ size due to an increase in size of cells

A

Hypertrophy

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19
Q

Cellular adaptation that don’t produce new cells

A

Hypertrophy

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20
Q

Ex. Hypertrophy of skeletal muscle because of frequent exercise

A

Physiologic hypertropy

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21
Q

Ex. Hypertrophy of myocardium due to hypertension

A

Pathologic hypertrophy

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22
Q

Response to a deficiency; occurs when one of the organ paired organs is removed

A

Compensatory hypertrophy

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23
Q

Increased in tissue or organ size due to an increase in the number of cells making up the organ

A

Hyperplasia

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24
Q

Involves transformation of adult cell type into another adult cell type

A

Metaplasia

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25
Cells involved are epithelial cells
Epithelial metaplasia
26
Cells involved are connective tissue
Mesenchymal metaplasia
27
Atypical metaplasia; change in cell size, shape and orientation
Dysplasia
28
Involves transformation of adult cells to embryonic or fetal cells
Anaplasia
29
The affected cell may recover
Reversible injury
30
Inability of cells to recover
Irreversible injury
31
Hypoxic injury can be irreversible after? ________ for neurons 1-2 hours for _________ ________ for skeletal muscle
3-5 minutes For myocardial cells and hepatocytes May hours
32
Gross changes of reversible changes
Organ pallor Increased weight
33
Microscopic changes of irreversible changes
Cellular swelling Fatty denaturation
34
Irreversible changes are due to
enzymatic digestion of cells Protein denaturation
35
Cytoplasmic changes in irreversible injury
1. Larger cells "cloudy swelling" 2. Increased eosinophilia
36
Cytoplasmic changes of irreversible injury that causes condensation of nucleus
Pyknosis
37
Cytoplasmic changes of irreversible injury that causes fragmentation /segmentation of nucleus
Karyolysis
38
Cytoplasmic changes of irreversible injury that causes dissolution of nucleus
Karyorrhexis
39
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
40
Accidental cell death
Necrosis
41
There is leakage of cellular components that causes inflammation
Necrosis
42
Death of single cell in cluster of cells
Apoptosis
43
Cell death is due to ischemia
Coagulative necrosis
44
Microscopically cell outlines are preserved
Coagulative necrosis
45
On gross, affected organs somewhat firm, appearing like a boiled material
Coagulative necrosis
46
Ex. Myocardial infarction
Coagulative necrosis
47
Complete digestion of cells ; on gross, affected organ appears liquefied, creamy yellow
Liquefactive necrosis
48
Ex. Brain infarction and suppurative bacterial infarction
Liquefactive necrosis
49
On gross, tissue/organ appears greasy resembling cheese
Caseous necrosis
50
Microscopically it appears as amorphous granular debri surrounded by granulomatous inflammation
Caseous necrosis
51
Necrosis usually seen in TB
Caseous necrosis
52
Seen in immune reaction of the blood vessel; deposition of fibrin in vessel wall
Fibrinoid necrosi
53
Destruction of fat cells due to release of pancreatic lipases Death of fat tissues due to loss of blood supply On gross, necrotic material appears Chalky white On microscopy, infiltrates of foamy macrophage adjacent to adipose tissues
Fat necrosis
54
Seen in pancreatitis Affected organ is usually breast
Fat necrosis
55
Necrosis secondary to ischemia
Gangrenous necrosis
56
due to venous occlusion
Wet gangrene
57
Due to arterial occlusion
Dry gangrene
58
Tissue reacting to injury
Inflammation
59
What are the ultimate goal of inflammation?
1. To remove the initial cause of injury 2. To remove consequences of injury
60
PAIN
Dolor
61
Redness due to increase rate of blood flow
RUBOR
62
HEAT
CALOR
63
TUMOR
Swelling
64
Destruction of functioning units of the cell
Function laesa
65
Rapid response to an injurious agent
Acute inflammation
66
Hallmark signs of acute inflammation?
Exudation and edema
67
Cellular infiltrate of acute inflammation
Neutrophils
68
Inflammation of prolonged duration
Chronic inflammation
69
Cellular infiltrate of chronic inflammation
Mononuclear cells (macrophage, lymphocytes, and plasma cells)
70
Resolution of inflammation
Healing
71
Replacement of loss or necrotic tissues with a new tissue that is similar to those that were destroyed
Regeneration
72
Changes can be observed immediately after death
Primary changes
73
Changes that can be observed immediately after death
Primary changes
74
Changes that can be noted FEW HOURS after death
Secondary changes
75
Death of the entire body
Somatic death
76
Cooling of the body
Algor mortis
77
Algor mortis happens @ a rate of ?
7 F/hr
78
Stiffening of the body
Rigor mortis
79
Rigor mortis starts ______ ff death, completes at ______ and stiffness remains for _______ , persist for ________
2-3 hrs 6-8 hrs 12-36 hrs 3-4 days
80
Purplish discoloration of skin
Livor mortis
81
Sinking of fluid blood into capillaries of the dependent body parts
Livor mortis
82
Importance: can determine if body position has changed at the scene of death
Livor mortis
83
Settling and separation of RBCs from the fluid phase
Post mortem clotting
84
Self destruction; due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes
Autolysis
85
Rotting and decomposition by bacterial action
Putrefaction
86
Drying and wrinkling of cornea and anterior chamber
Dessication
87
Faster in: cold weather, lean malnourished individuals Delayed in infectious diseases followed by increase in temperature
Algor mortis
88
Hasten stiffness; warm environment and in infants Delay: cold temperature and obese individuals
Rigor mortis
89
Examination of death body
Autopsy
90
Autopsy is also known as
Necrosy
91
cadaver is opened from both shoulders down from xiphoid area and incised down to pubis
Y-shaped incision
92
Y-shaped incision is usually done in
Adult cadavers
93
Autopsy carried by government agencies
Medico legal autopsy
94
cadaver is opened from the midline of the body from the suprasternal notch down to the pubis.
Straight cut
95
Straight cut incision is usually done in
Children and infants
96
Autopsy techniques in which organs are removed one by one
Rudolf Virchow
97
Involves "in situ dissection"
Carl Rokitansky
98
Involves en-bloc removal of organs
Anton GHON
99
Organs are removed "em-masses"
Maurice Letulle
100
Process of tumor formation; abnormal proliferation ofcells:; new cells are produced are "FUNCTIONLESS"
Neoplasia
101
Parts of tumors:
1. Parenchyma 2. Stroma
102
Parenchyma
Neoplastic cells
103
Stroma
Connective tissue framework
104
Purpose: to determine the percentage of the differentiated and undifferentiated cell
Grading of tumors
105
Purpose: to determine the percentage of the Differentiated cells and undifferentiated cell
Grading of tumors
106
Purpose: to determine the percentage of the Differentiated cells and undifferentiated cell
Grading of tumors
107
Staging of tumors are based on the:
1. size of primary lesions 2. extent of spread to regional lymph nodes 3. presence or absence of metastases
108
T
size of tumor
109
N
Number of lymph nodes involved
110
M
Presence of metastasis
111
Example of wet gangrene
Embolism of foot
112
Example pf dry gangrene
Bacterial infection
113
Example of dry gangrene
Bacterial infection
114
Example of dry gangrene
Bacterial infection
115
Stimulus: cigarette smoking Original tissue: ? Metaplastic tissue:?
Cilliated columnar epithelium of bronchi
116
Original tissue: transitional epithelium of bladder Stimulus: ?
Trauma of bladder
117
Original tissue:? Stimulus: gastric acidity Metaplastic tissue:?
Esophageal squamous epithelium Columnar epithelium
118
Example: renal hypertrophy
Compensatory hypertrophy

MTAP 2 (2 decks)

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