HISTOPATH Flashcards
The mechanism of cells when exposed to several stress and stimuli under normal conditions
ADAPTATION MECHANISM
Which type of cell do not typically divide cell division such as parenchymal cells?
STABLE CELL
A type of cell injury which known as point of no return
IRREVERSIBLE INJURY
a type of cell which is frequently dividing to replace the lost cells of the body
LABILE CELL
Type of cell that only undergo cell division to replace injured cell
STABLE CELL
the defective organ shows no resemblance to the normal mature structure
APLASIA
Complete non-appearance growth of organ
AGENESIA
Failure of the organ to reach normal mature size
HYPOPLASIA
Failure of organ to form an opening
ATRESIA
Imperforate anus is an example of what abnormal cell growth?
ATRESIA
This is due to lack of nutritional supply to sustain normal growth
HUNGER / STARVATION ATROPHY
An inactivity or diminished activity or function
ATROPHY OF DISUSE
Too much workload can cause general wasting of tissue
EXHAUSTION ATROPHY
this may secondarily promote diminution of blood supply
PRESSURE ATROPHY
atrophy that is due to lack of hormones needed to maintain normal size and structure
ENDOCRINE ATROPHY
Decrease of uterus size after child birth is an example of?
PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY
Increase in SIZE of cells making up the organ
HYPERTROPHY
Increase in NUMBER of cells making up the organ
HYPERPLASIA
it may develop as response to a deficiency that usually occurs when one of paired organs is removed
COMPENSATORY HYPERTROPHY
Transformation of ADULT cell to ADULT cell type
METAPLASIA
Transformation of ADULT cell to EMBRYONIC or FETAL cell
ANAPLASIA
Hypoxic injury can be irreversible after __ for neurons
3-5 MINUTES
Hypoxic injury can be irreversible after __ for myocardial cells and hepatocytes
1-2 HOURS
Hypoxic injury can be irreversible after __ for skeletal muscles
MANY
Which of the reversible changes is the earliest manifestation to be observed?
CELLULAR SWELLING
1 cause of cell injury
ANOXIA
This change in cell size, shape and orientation
DYSPLASIA
What are the changes to be observed in cytoplasmic in irreversible injury
1) Larger cells “cloudy swelling”
2) Increased eosinophilia
Dissolution of nucleus in irreversible injury
KARYORRHEXIS
Fragmentation or segmentation of nucleus in irreversible injury
KARYOLYSIS
Labile cells under this type of cell death
APOPTOSIS
What are the chief morphologic features of apoptosis?
1) chromatin condensation
2) chromatin fragmentation
3) cell shrinkage
4) cytoplasmic bleb formation
5) phagocytosis of apoptotic cells
Which type of cell death has the characteristics of cell shrinkage and no leakage of cellular components?
APOPTOSIS
which type of cell death causes cell swelling and leakage of cellular components leading to inflammation?
NECROSIS
Cell death that is due to sudden cut-off of blood supply or ischemia
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
Cell death of which the action of hydrolytic enzymes is blocked
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
On gross, this type of necrosis appears as somewhat firm, or boiled material
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
A type of necrosis which has complete digestion of cells
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
On gross, this type of necrosis appears liquefied and creamy yellow due to increase pus
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
Microscopically, this type of necrosis appears as amorphous granular debri surrounded by granulomatous inflammation
CASEOUS NECROSIS
Microscopically, the affected cells of coagulative necrosis appear as
GHOSTLY
The destruction of adipose cells is due to release of pancreatic lipase
FAT NECROSIS
Fat necrosis is usually seen in
PANCREATITIS
Caseous necrosis is usually seen in
TUBERCULOSIS
On microscopy, this type of necrosis infiltrates foamy macrophage adjacent to adipose tissues
FAT NECROSIS
This is not specific pattern of necrosis
GANGRENOUS NECROSIS
this is due to venous occlusion
WET GRANGRENE
this is due to arterial occlusion
DRY GANGRENE
Destruction of functioning units of the cell
FUNCTION LAESA
CARDINAL SIGNS
DOLOR -
RUBOR -
CALOR -
TUMOR -
Dolor - PAIN
Rubor - REDNESS
Calor - HEAT
Tumor - SWELLING
Rapid response to an injurious agent
ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Hallmark signs of Acute Inflammation
1) EXUDATION
2) EDEMA
Which wbc is active during acute inflammation
NEUTROPHIL
It occurs when there is excess in interstitial tissue & serious cavities
EDEMA
An escape of fluids, proteins, and blood cells from vascular system is called
EXUDATION
Inflammation of prolonged duration
CHRONIC INFLAMMATION
The cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation is/are
MONONUCLEAR CELLS (macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
What happens when inflammation is resolved
HEALING
What type of resolution is a replacement of lost / necrotic tissue with a new tissue but is not similar to those that were destroyed?
REPLACEMENT BY A CT SCAR
What type of resolution that has no destruction of normal tissue?
SIMPLE RESOLUTION
A type of resolution in which the clearance of mediators and inflammatory happens after the reabsorption of excess fluid
SIMPLE RESOLUTION
Which of the ff resolution is a replacement of lost / necrotic tissue with a new tissue that is similar to those that were destroyed?
REGENERATION RESOLUTION
It is the death of the entire body
SOMATIC DEATH
What type of changes can be observed immediately after death?
PRIMARY CHANGES
Which of the ff are the primary changes
i. cardiac failure
ii. nervous failure
iii. putrefaction
iv. rigor mortis
i. cardiac failure
ii. nervous failure
(and respiratory failure)
What type of changes can be observed few hours after death?
SECONDARY CHANGES
this happens at the rate of 7 degrees Fahrenheit per hours
ALGOR MORTIS
It is known as the cooling of the dead body
ALGOR MORTIS
What causes a delay in algor mortis?
INFECTIOUS DISEASES FOLLOWED BY INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
This change is used to establish the time of death
ALGOR MORTIS
It is known as the stiffening of the dead body
RIGOR MORTIS
What causes a delay in rigor mortis?
COLD TEMPERATURE AND OBESE INDIVIDUALS
How long does it take to complete the stiffening of the body?
6-8 HOURS
How long does the stiffness remains?
12-36 HOURS
Which factors accelerates the onset of stiffness?
WARM ENVIRONMENT AND INFANTS
It is also known as Post-Mortem Hemolysis
LIVOR MORTIS
Purplish discoloration occurs in which secondary changes
LIVOR MORTIS / POST-MORTEM HEMOLYSIS
It can determine if the body position has changed at the scene of death
POST-MORTEM HEMOLYSIS
The settling and separation of RBC from the fluid phase happens in which of the secondary changes
POST-MORTEM CLOTTING
This occur due to the release of hydrolytic enzymes
AUTOLYSIS
Rotting and decomposition by bacterial action in a dead body
PUTREFACTION
Drying and wrinkling of cornea and anterior chamber
DESSICATION
This is done to determine the cause of death
AUTOPSY / NECROPSY
What type of autopsy is conducted by government agencies to address sudden, violent or unnatural deaths?
MEDICO LEGAL AUTOPSY
Only the head of the dead body is being examined to determine the cause of death
PARTIAL AUTOPSY
This type as to manner of incision is usually done in adult cadaver
Y-SHAPED INCISION
The cadaver is opened from the xiphoid area and incised down to the pubis
Y-SHAPED INCISION
The cadaver is opened from the suprasternal notch down to the pubis
STRAIGHT CUT
This manner of incision is usually done in children and infants
STRAIGHT CUT
Who advocated the autopsy technique in which the organ are removed separately one by one?
RUDOLF VIRCHOW
What is/are the advantage/s of Virchow Technique?
QUICK AND SUITABLE FOR BEGINNERS
Carl Rokitansky advocates what kind of autopsy method?
IN-SITU DISSECTION IN PART, COMBINED WITH EN BLOC REMOVAL
Advantages & Disadvantages of Rokitansky’s Method
Advantages: In infected bodies (HIV, Hepatitis B) & considered good in children
Disadvantages: Difficult to perform
Which of the autopsy technique involves the en bloc removal of organs?
ANTON GHON’S METHOD
Who advocated the autopsy technique of organs are removed “en masses”?
MAURICE LETTULLE
It is not a cellular adaptation mechanism
NEOPLASIA
It is made up of neoplastic cells
PARENCHYMA
It is made up of connective tissue framework which provides blood supply
STROMA
Which of the following describes malignant tumor?
i. no spread of metastasis
ii. poorly differentiated
iii. no bleeding in cut surfaces
iv. remarkable pressure effect on neighboring tissues
ii. poorly differentiated
iv. remarkable pressure effect on neighboring tissues
Which of the ff describes benign tumor?
i. noninvasive to another organ
ii. no spread or metastasis
iii. recurrence after surgery
iv. slowly growing mass
i. noninvasive to another organ
ii. no spread or metastasis
iv. slowly growing mass
What is most common form of antibody used in IHC
IgG
What is the most widely used labeling of antibodies?
HORSE RADISH PEROXIDASE (HRP)
What are the commonly used enzymes in PIER method?
TRYPSIN AND PROTEASE
What type of antibody which produced by different cells?
POLYCLONAL ANTIBODIES
This is produced from individual clone of plasma cell and can react only with one specific type of epitope
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
