histopath Flashcards by April Benilie Abarientos

Nuclear Fixatives

Heidenhain's
Flemming w/ HAC
Newcomer's
Bovin's
Carnoy's

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Cytoplasmic fixative

Orth's
Helly's (Zenker Formol)
Formalin w/post chroming
Flemming w/o HAC
Muller's (Raygaurd)

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histochemical fixatives

10% formol-saline
Absolute ethanol
Newcomer’s
acetone

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best for iron-containing tissues

10% NBF

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for preservation of glycogen; fix sputum

Gendre’s fluid (alcoholic formalin)

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for fixation of CNS tissues and general post mortem tissues

10% formol saline

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fixative that Contains mercuric chloride

Formol corrosive/sublimate

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fixatives For acid mucopolysaccharides (Wharton’s Jelly)

Lead fixatives

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Preserves carbohydrates; strong oxidizing agent

Chromic acid

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Preserves mitochondria; lipids in cryostat sections

Potassium dichromate

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for chromatin, mitochondria, mitotic figures, golgi bodies, rbc and colloid containing tissues

Regaud’s/Muller’s

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degenerative processes; demonstration of rickettsia

Orth’s fluid

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for fixing small pieces of liver, spleen, CT fibers and nuclei

Zenker’s fluid

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Fixative for pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood containing organs (spleen and liver)

Zenker’s formol/Helly’s fluid

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for tumor biopsies of skin; counterbalance effect

Heidenhain’s susa

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fixative for bone marrow biopsies

B-5 fixatives

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Excellent fixative for dry and wet smears and blood smears

methanol

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Fixative for exfoliative cytology

Ethanol

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For fixing touch preparations

Isopropanolol

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Most rapid fixative
for brain tissue
for diagnosis of rabies

Carnoy’s

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Both nuclear and histochemical fixative

Newcomer’s

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Fixation of embryo’s and pituitary biopsies

Bouin’s fluid

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Best for glycogen demonstration

Brasil’s alcoholic picroformol

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Electron microscopy (stains black)

Osmium tetroxide

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Demonstrate lipases and phosphatases; rabies

Acetone

Most common and fastest decalcifying agent

Aqueous nitric acid

Decalcifies and softens

Perenyi's fluid

Most rapid decalcifying agent

Phlerogluan nitric acid

For teeth and small pieces of bone

Von ebner's fluid

Best dehydrating agent

Ethanol

For blood tissue films and for smear prep

Methanol

For plants and animal biopsies

Butanol

clearing agents for CNS tissues

Cedarwood oil

clearing agents for embryos, insects, and very delicate specimens

Aniline oil

clearing agent that has a tendency to become adulterated

Clove oil

clearing agent used when double embedding techniques are required

Methylbenzoate and methylsalicylate

clearing agent for urgent biopsies

Benzene

clearing agent for large and tough tissue specimens

Chloroform

Very low temperature may induce precipitation of white deposits

paraformaldehyde

removes paraformaldehyde deposits

10% methanol

Use of mercuric chloride as fixative may lead to

black colored deposits

removes tissue deposits from mercuric chloride

saturated iodine in 96% alcohol

fixative of choice of preservation of cell detail in tissue photography

mercuric chloride

also known as formol sublimate

formol corrosive

also known as alcoholic formalin

gendre's fixative

also known as osmic acid

osmium tetroxide

also known as Zenker formol

Helly's solution

Also known as Moller's fluid

Regaud's fluid

Reagent for washing out excess mercuric fixatives

alcoholic iodine

Removes excess chromates from tissues fixed in Helly's Zenker's and Flemming solns, excess formalin and excess osmic acid

Tap water

Wash out excess amount of picric acid (Bouin's soln)

50-70% alcohollllllll

can act both as dehydrating and clearing agent

tetrahydrofuran dioxane oil of bergamot

routing dehydrating agent

ethanol

advantages of ETOH as dehydrating agent

Fast acting mixes with water penetrates tissues easily not poisonous and not very expensive

Embedding medium used for EM

plastic (epoxy, plopyester, acrylic)

Reco infiltrating agent when histochemical and enzymatic studies

gelatin

Most commonly used decalcifying agent

Nitric acid

fastest decal agent

nitric acid

color imparted by nitric acid

yellow

tissue softener and a decal agent

perenyi's fluid

clearing agent specially reco for central nervous tissue

cedarwood oil

usual primary fixative for secondary fixation

10% formalin or 10% formol saline

suited for sectioning specimens embedded in all forms of media, esp for cutting sections from tough tissue blocks which may offer great resistance to the knife

Base-sledge sliding microtome

most dangerous type of microtome due to the movable exposed knife esp recommended for cutting extremely hard and rough tissue blocks

standard sliding microtome

cutting angle

14 degree

oven temp where paraffin is stored

55-60C | or 2-5C above the melting point of wax

temp of microtome inside a cryostat

-20C

slides for routine

clean slides 76 x 25 mm 1.0 to 1.2 mm thick

temp of water bath

10c below the melting point of paraffin wax

staining tech for nuclear DNA

fuelgen dna - red purple cytoplasm - green

DNA - green or blue green | RNA - rose red

Methyl green pyronin

Fluorescent staining for RNA and DNA

acridine orange dna - yellow green fluorescence rna - brick to orange red

Cytoplasmic stain in pap stain tech

OG-6 (Orange green 6)

Stains cytoplasm of mature superficial cells

OG-6

most rapid decal agent

phloroglucin-nitric acid

color imparted by phloroglucin-nitric acid

yellow

neutralizes the color imparted by phloroglucin-nitric acid

5% sodium sulfate

best and fast-acting dehydrating agent

ethanol

simplest, most common and best embedding medium

paraffin

most common staining method for microanatomical study of tissues

H&E

Most common metallic fixative

mercuric chloride

reco amt of fixative for routine purposes

20X of vol of tissue

reco amt of fixative if osmium tetroxide is used

5-10x the vol of tissue

reco ratio of fluid to tissue vol for decal

20:1

vol of dehydrating agent

not less than 10x

vol of impregnating medium

25x

products of individual clone of plasma cells

monoclonal antibodies

usual animal used for monoclonal Ab prod

Mice

most frequently used animal for production of polyclonal Ab

rabbit>goat>pig>sheep>horse>guinea pig

Avitin-Biotin complex (ABC) techniques and peroxidase and anti-peroxidase (PAP) tech

soluble enzyme immune complex tech (unlabeled Ab)

Fault due to incomplete impregnation | remedied by repeating impreg

airholes

sections fail to form ribbons

paraffin wax too hard knife tilted too much sections are too thick