Histology- Week 9 Applied Anatomy Flashcards
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology~?
Anatomy= structure and shape of the body, its parts and their relationship to one another Physiology= study of how the body and its parts work or function
What is Histology?
The study of the tissues of the body- cell types and their arrangements
In order of size work from atoms to molecules to organelles……all the way to a whole organism
Atoms - smallest chemical unit Molecules - groups of atoms joined together Organelles - groups of molecules working together Cells - groups of organelles working together Tissues - groups of similar cells working together Organs - group of different tissues working together Organ systems - group or organs working together Organism - an individual
What are organs made up of ?
Group of 2 or more tissue types working together
Name 5 of the 10 Systems that exist within the human body.
Skeletal system Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System
Can you identify the organelles of a generic animal cell and outline their functions?
Cell membrane- control movement of substances in and out
- fluid mosaic model and phospholipid bilayer
Secretory Vesicles - carry secretions to cell membrane
Golgi Apparatus- modify and package proteins (sent to it by
RER via vesicles-pinch off into vesicles)
Ribosome - protein synthesis. in cytoplasm or RER
RER - assemble/distribute proteins (e.g. fold into functional 3-D
shapes)
Nucleolus - Produce ribosomes (assembled)
DNA - genetic material/blueprint contains instructions of body
Chromatin - When cell not dividing its DNA combines with
protein and forms a loose network of threads
called chromatin. Cell dividing-chromatin coil and
condense to form dense chromosomes.
Nucleur membrane - double membrane regulating movement
of substances in and out of nucleus.
Nucleus - Directs cell activity and cell division
SER - assemble and distribute lipids and detox of drugs
Centrosome/centriole - support/formation of microtubules
Cytoplasm - site of cellular activity diffusion/dissolve
substances/enzymes
Mitochondria - double membrane make energy (ATP)
aerobically
Lysosome - break down/digest substances using enzymes
- abundant in phagocyte cells
Name five tissues of the body
- Epithelium (surface and lining)
- Connective tissue (packing and support)
- Muscle (contractile)
- Nerve (excitable)
- Glia (support in CNS)
Name 3 examples of where general connective tissue can be found in the body
- Dermis of skin
- Tendons and ligaments
- Deep and superficial fascia
- (tendon) sheaths
- blood vessel walls
- surrounding the parenchyma of organs
What different classes of connective tissue are there in the body?
- Cartilage
- Blood
- Bone
- General
Name some examples of the function of connective tissue
- Protection (delicate or tough)
- Support
- Tensile strength
- Weight Bearing
- Trasmitts tension
- Allows movement
- Provides recoil momentum
- Provides nutrition
- Defence and repair any damage
- Conserve heat (insulating)
- Storing reserve fluid and energy
What is the basic structure of connective tissue?
1) THE MATRIX or extracellular material
This is made up of a) ground substance and b) fibres
a) ground substance is made up of fluid and proteoglycans (protein and sugar molecules which hold water into a gel/jelly
b) fibres (protein) made up of collagen, elastin and reticular
2) CELLS such as fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells and adipocytes (fat cells)
How is connective tissue classfied?
Loose (less fibres, more ground substance and more cells)
- Areolar
- Reticular (reticular fibres)
- adipose (adipose cells storing lipid-insulating)
Dense (more fibres)
- Regular (collagen fibres arranged in rows)
- Irregular (collagen fibres arranged irregularly)
- Elastic (elastin fibres)
What are the most common types of connective tissue found in the body?
Loose areolar- found just under epithelial tissue and wrapping around organs
Dense regular- found in tendons and ligaments
What is cartilage? How does it differ from bone?
Specialised connective tissue. Provide support to withstand compressive forces as well as having tensile strength
Cartilage is more flexible than bone and has greater shock absorbing qualities
Where in the body can cartilage be found?
- Embryo-bones start as cartilage
- Epiphyseal growth plates
- Anterior parts of the ribs
- Ends of bones in articular cartilage
- Larynx, ear and nose
- Rings in trachea and bronchi
- In some joints as shock absorbers e.g. menisucs of knee
