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histology > histology test 2/12/22 > Flashcards

histology test 2/12/22 Flashcards

1
Q

where do connective tissues come from

A

mesenchyme

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2
Q

connective tissue functions

A

support,structure,storage,defence, nutrition

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3
Q

what are connective tissues made out of

A

cells + extra cellular matrix (ECM)

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4
Q

types of ECM

A

Protein fibers, ground substance

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5
Q

types of protein fibers

A

Collagen,elastic, reticular

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6
Q

types of ground substance

A

glycosaminoglycans (GAG), proteoglycans (PG), glycoproteins (GP)

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7
Q

types of sulphated GAG

A

chondroitin sulphate,keratan sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate)

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8
Q

types of non-sulphated GAG

A

hyaluronic acid (HA)

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9
Q

what are proteoglycans

A

GAGs covalently attached to core proteins

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10
Q

types of glycoproteins GP

A

fibronectin, laminin, entactin, tenascin, chondronectin, osteopontin

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11
Q

types of cells in connective tissues

A

resident, wandering, cells producing ECM

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12
Q

types of resident cells

A

fibroblasts, fibrocytes, myofibroblasts, reticular cells, adipocytes, melanocytes, adult stem cells

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13
Q

types of wandering cells

A

plasma cells, mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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14
Q

types of cells producing ECM

A

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, odontoblasts, reticular cells

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15
Q

types of fibres of ECM

A

collagen fibres, collagen fibrils, elastic fibres, reticular fibres

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16
Q

measurement of elastic fibres

A

0.5-4 micrometers

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17
Q

measurement of reticular fibres

A

0.5-2 micrometers

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18
Q

measurement of collagen fibres

A

1-20 micrometers

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19
Q

describe collagen fibres

A

closely packed fibrils- type 1 collagen
strong and durable
stain with acidic dyes and saffron
CT proper, fibrocartilage

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20
Q

describe collagen fibrils

A

Type 1 collagen in the ECM of bone, dentin
Type 2 collagen in the ECM of cartilage

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21
Q

describe elastic fibres

A

fibrillin microfibrils + elastin
elastic
stain with orcein (red-brown), aldehyde fuchsine (violet), resorcine fuchsine (black), lightly eosinophilic

22
Q

describe reticular fibres

A

type 3 collagen fibrils
silver impregnation, PAS reaction
reticular tissue, support in liver, glands and in the muscle tissue

23
Q

cells differentiating from mesenchymal cells, spend all their life in connective tissue (resident cells)

A

-fibroblasts, fibrocytes, myofibroblasts
-reticular cells
-adipocytes
-mesenchymal stem cells

24
Q

cells originating from hemopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, then circulate in blood, then move into connective tissue (resident cells)

A

-macrophages
-mast cells

25
Q

transient cell population that migrate into tissue from the blood (wandering cells) in response to specific stimuli or tissue injury

A

-lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

26
Q

melanocytes (pigment cells)

A

-neural crest origin

27
Q

types of CT resident Cells

A

-Fibroblasts
-fibrocytes
-myofibroblasts
-reticular cells
-pigment cells
-adipocytes

28
Q

describe fibroblasts

A

-active cells
-fine chromatin, prominent nucleolus, basophilic cytoplasm, abundant RER, GA, mitochondria
-synthesis of the ECM

29
Q

describe fibrocytes

A

-quiescent cells
-smaller, usually spindle-shaped, dark elongated nucleus, eosinophilic cytoplasm

30
Q

describe myofibroblasts

A

-actin and myosin myofilaments
-wound contraction

31
Q

describe reticular cells

A

-modified fibroblasts
-active (fine chromatin, prominent nucleolus, basophilic cytoplasm, abundant RER, GA, mitochondria)
-synthesis of reticular fibres (type III collagen)
-in reticular tissue (bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes)

32
Q

describe pigment cells

A

-neuroectodermal origin
-branched shape
-cytoplasm filled with melanin granules (dark brown)
-iris, ciliary body, choroid, epidermis

33
Q

types of adipocytes

A

unilocular and multilocular

34
Q

describe unilocular adipocytes cells

A

-single lipid droplet surrounded by rim of cytoplasm with nucleus
-white adipose tissue-subcutaneous tissue, around the kidney, neurovascular bundle
-energy storage, insulation, cushioning of vital organs, secretion of hormones

35
Q

describe multilocular adipocytes cells

A

-smaller, many small lipid droplets
-abundance of mitochondria
-brown adipose tissue
-new-borns around the neck, kidney, between shoulder blades
-thermogenin in mitochondrial membrane

36
Q

types of CT wandering cells

A

-plasma cells
-leukocytes
-heparinocytes
-histiocytes

37
Q

describe plasma cells

A

-eccentrically placed nucleus- cartwheel appearance (clumps of heterochromatin)
-immunoglobulins production

38
Q

describe leukocytes

A

-lymphocytes: lamina propria of GIT and respiratory s.
-monocytes: precursors of macrophages
-eosinophilic granulocytes: lamina propria of GIT; allergic reactions, parasitic infections
-basophilic granulocytes: release of heparin and histamine; allergic reactions
-neutrophilic granulocytes: phagocytic; inflammation

39
Q

describe heparinocytes (mast cells)

A

-granules:
1-heparin (anticoagulant, sulph. GAG)
2-histamine (increases permeability of venules)
3-metachromatic, PAS+, alcian blue
-IgE receptors: hypersensitivity reaction
-loose CT around vessels, papillary layer of dermis, digestive and respiratory tract mucosa

40
Q

describe histiocytes (macrophages) part 1

A

-phagocytic, derived from monocytes migrated from blood to CT
-cell enlargement, protein synthesis activation, GA developement, formation of lysosomes, actin filaments and microtubules

41
Q

describe histiocytes part 2

A

-phagocytosis of bacteria and cell debris, destruction of aged red blood cells, immune response
-mononuclear phagocyte system

42
Q

describe cartilage

A

-avascular, rigid supporting connective tissue
-chondrocytes + ECM
-perichondrium:1-protection,nourishment,appositional growth
2-dense connective tissue

43
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

mitotic division of pre-existing chondrocytes

44
Q

what is a positional growth

A

chondroblast differentiation from progenitor cells in the perichondrium

45
Q

types of muscle tissue

A

smooth muscle and striated muscle

46
Q

what provides contractility

A

protein actin + myosin

47
Q

describe smooth muscles

A

no cross-striation
visceral muscles

48
Q

types of striated muscles

A

skeletal muscle:attached to bone, visceral muscles
cardiac muscle- wall of the heart

49
Q

origin of muscle tissue

A

mesoderm-skeletal, cardiac muscles
mesenchyme- smooth muscles

50
Q

structural unit of smooth muscle

A

-spindle shaped
-diameter of 5 micrometers and length from 20-500 micrometers
-1 central elongated nucleus
-gap junctions
-ECM production
-lamina externa, reticular fibres surrounding single cells

51
Q

contractile structure of smooth muscle

A

-dense bodies ≈ Z discs
- no Z discs - no sarcomeres - no T tubules
•cells: single, in groups, in the walls of organs

histology (3 decks)

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