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histology > Histology Term Test 2 > Flashcards

Histology Term Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is embryology?

A

The study of prenatal development.

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2
Q

What is prenatal development?

A

The period from the start of pregnancy to the birth of the child.

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3
Q

What is postnatal development?

A

The period of growth and development that occurs after birth.

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4
Q

What is the gestational period?

A

The length of pregnancy after the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP), usually expressed in weeks and days.

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5
Q

What are the 3 periods of prenatal development?

A

Pre-implantation, embryonic, and fetal.

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6
Q

When is the pre-implantation period?

A

During the first week.

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7
Q

What happens during pre-implantation?

A

Fertilization, implantation, and division.

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8
Q

What is produced during pre-implantation?

A

Zygote and blastocyte.

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9
Q

When does the embryonic period occur?

A

From the 2nd week to the 8th week.

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10
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A

Induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, and maturation.

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11
Q

What is produced during the embryonic period?

A

Disc, embryo, and folded embryo.

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12
Q

When does the fetal period occur?

A

From the 3rd to the 9th month.

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13
Q

What happens during the fetal period?

A

Maturation.

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14
Q

What is produced during the fetal period?

A

Embryo and fetus.

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15
Q

What are the key points of pre-implantation?

A

Fertilization, cleavage, morula.

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16
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Ovum + sperm = zygote.

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17
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Fertilized egg: 46 chromosomes.

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18
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Zygote undergoes mitosis.

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19
Q

What is a morula?

A

A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo after zygote.

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20
Q

What is the first trimester?

A

Weeks 1-12; pre-implantation to embryonic.

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21
Q

What are the second and third trimesters?

A

Fetal period.

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22
Q

What are the 5 physiological processes of the embryonic stage?

A

Induction, proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, maturation.

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23
Q

What is induction?

A

The action of one group of cells on another that leads to the establishment of a developmental pathway.

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24
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Controlled cellular growth and accumulation of byproducts.

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25
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Change in identical embryonic cells to become distinct structurally and functionally.

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26
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Development of specific tissue structure or differing form due to embryonic cell migration or proliferation and inductive interactions.

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27
Q

What is maturation?

A

Attainment of adult function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis.

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28
Q

What is appositional growth?

A

Tissue enlarges its size by the addition of layers on the outside of a structure.

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29
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Occurs from deep within a tissue or organ.

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30
Q

What are the 3 types of differentiation?

A

Cytodifferentiation, histodifferentiation, morphodifferentiation.

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31
Q

What is cytodifferentiation?

A

Development of different cell types.

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32
Q

What is histodifferentiation?

A

Development of different histologic tissue types within a structure.

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33
Q

What is morphodifferentiation?

A

The development of different forms, making up its structure or shape for each organ or system.

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34
Q

What are teratogens?

A

Any agent that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing fetus.

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35
Q

What are some drug teratogens?

A

Ethanol, tetracycline, phenytoin sodium.

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36
Q

What are some chemical teratogens?

A

Methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls.

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37
Q

What are some infection teratogens?

A

Rubella virus, syphilis, herpes, HIV.

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38
Q

What are some radiation teratogens?

A

High levels of ionizing type.

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39
Q

What are the clinical considerations for clients with Down syndrome?

A

Increased levels of periodontal disease, delayed tooth eruption, fewer teeth present, microdontia.

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40
Q

What is produced during prenatal development weeks 1-4?

(3)

A

Blastocyst, bilaminar layer disc, trilaminar layer disc.

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41
Q

When does the blastocyst form?

A

After a week of cleavage.

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42
Q

What are the components of the blastocyst?

A

Trophoblast and embryoblast.

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43
Q

What is the trophoblast?

A

Peripheral cells that form the placenta.

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44
Q

What is the embryoblast?

A

Inner cell mass that forms the embryo.

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45
Q

When does the bilaminar layer disc form?

A

During the second week.

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46
Q

What are the components of the bilaminar layer disc?

A

Epiblast layer and hypoblast layer.

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47
Q

What is the epiblast layer?

A

The superior layer that forms the yolk sac.

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48
Q

What is the hypoblast layer?

A

The inferior layer that forms the amnion.

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49
Q

When does the trilaminar layer form?

A

During the third week.

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50
Q

What are the components of the trilaminar layer disc?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

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51
Q

What does the ectoderm develop into?

A

Produces sense organs, nerves, and glands.

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52
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into?

A

Develops into dermis, bone, lymphatics, blood cells, bone marrow, cartilage, reproductive and excretory organs.

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53
Q

What does the endoderm develop into?

A

The lining of the digestive and respiratory systems.

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54
Q

Where do mesoderm and endoderm migrate from?

A

From the epiblast layer.

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55
Q

What does ‘gives rise to’ mean?

A

Leads to the development or creation of the second thing.

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56
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Cells divide constantly.

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57
Q

What is the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

Membrane at the cephalic end of the embryo, separates the stomodeum from the foregut.

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58
Q

What is the stomodeum?

A

Primitive mouth and parts of the face and neck.

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59
Q

What is the foregut?

A

Anterior part of the future digestive tract or primitive pharynx.

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60
Q

What is a primordium?

A

The earliest stage of development of an organ or tissue.

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61
Q

What do the midgut and hindgut form?

A

The rest of the mature pharynx as well as the remainder of the digestive tract.

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62
Q

When do the branchial (pharyngeal) arches develop?

A

During the 4th week.

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63
Q

What happens during week 4?

A

The face and its associated tissues begin to form.

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64
Q

What is the 1st branchial arch? what nerve and cartilage is it associated with?

A

Also known as the mandibular arch, associated with the trigeminal nerve and Meckel’s cartilage.

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65
Q

Does the cartilage of the 1st branchial arch disappear?

A

Yes, it disappears and forms the middle ear bones.

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66
Q

What is the future site of the 1st branchial arch?

A

Lower face and lips, mandible and mandibular teeth, muscles of mastication, and associated mandibular muscle.

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67
Q

What does the mesoderm of the 1st branchial arch form?

A

Muscles of mastication, middle ear, and soft palate movement.

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68
Q

What are the incus and malleus?

A

Bones of the middle ear formed from the 1st branchial arch.

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69
Q

What is the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Also known as the hyoid arch.

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69
Q

muscles of mastication (4)

A

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid

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70
Q

What is the nerve associated with the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Facial nerve.

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71
Q

What is the cartilage of the 2nd branchial arch?

A

Reichert cartilage, which mostly disappears.

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72
Q

What is interesting about the Reichert cartilage?

A

It mostly disappears but the perichondrium remains to form the styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid bone, upper part of the body of hyoid bone, and stylohyoid ligament.

73
Q

What does the mesoderm of the 2nd branchial arch form?

A

Muscles of facial expression.

74
Q

What does the 3rd branchial arch develop into?

A

Lower body of the hyoid bone and posterior portion of the tongue.

75
Q

What nerves are involved in the 3rd branchial arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal and stylopharyngeal.

76
Q

What do the 4th and 6th branchial/pharyngeal arches develop into?

A

Laryngeal cartilages and vagus nerves.

77
Q

What do the maxillary processes develop into?

A

Midface, upper lip side, cheeks, secondary palate, posterior part of maxilla, zygomatic bones, and part of the temporal bones.

78
Q

What do the mandibular processes develop into?

A

Lower lip and lower face.

79
Q

What is a placode?

A

Specialized ectoderm for the development of the sense organs.

80
Q

What is the otic placode?

A

Future internal ear.

81
Q

What is the lens placode?

A

Future eyes.

82
Q

What is the nasal placode?

A

Responsible for smell.

83
Q

What is the philtrum?

A

Vertical groove that runs from the bottom of the nose to the top of the upper lip.

84
Q

Where is the philtrum developed from?

A

Medial nasal processes.

85
Q

What is palatal fusion?

A

The completion of the final palate, involving the fusion of swelling or tissue from different surfaces of the embryo.

**different surfaces

86
Q

When does palatal formation begin?

A

During the fifth week and ends at the twelfth week.

87
Q

What happens when palatal formation is interrupted?

A

Cleft palate or cleft lip may occur.

88
Q

What is the intermaxillary segment formed from? during what week and gives rise to what?

A

Formed from the internal fusion of medial nasal processes during the fifth week, giving rise to the primary/primitive palate.

89
Q

When does the primary/primitive palate develop?

A

From the 5th to the 6th week.

90
Q

What does the primary/primitive palate initially serve as?

A

It partially separates the developing oral cavity proper and nasal cavity.

91
Q

What does the primary/primitive palate later turn into?

A

The premaxillary part of the maxilla (1/3 of hard palate) and maxillary incisors.

92
Q

When and How is the secondary palate formed?

A

6th to 8th week: The bilateral maxillary processes give rise to two palatal shelves that elongate and move medially.

93
Q

What does the secondary palate form into?

A

2/3 of the hard palate, canines, posterior teeth, soft palate, and uvula.

94
Q

When does the developmental process of the tongue occur?

A

From the 4th to the 8th week.

95
Q

What is the tuberculum impar? when is it formed? located where and formed where?

A

A triangular median swelling that forms during the 4th week, located midline and formed on the mandibular arch.

96
Q

What is the first thing that happens during tongue development from the 4th to the 8th week?

A

Two oval lateral lingual swellings develop on each side of the tuberculum impar, which fuse to form the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.

97
Q

What produces the median lingual sulcus?

A

The fusion of the two lateral lingual swellings.

98
Q

What is the second thing that happens during tongue development from the 4th to the 8th week?

A

The copula becomes evident and overgrows the hyoid arch, forming the posterior 1/3 of the mature tongue.

99
Q

What happens during the 8th week of tongue development?

A

The copula merges with the lateral lingual swellings, causing the sulcus terminalis.

100
Q

What is the median lingual sulcus?

A

A superficial demarcation in the middle of the tongue formed by the fusion of the two lateral lingual swellings.

101
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

A V-shaped structure that borders the base of the tongue and the body.

102
Q

What is the foramen cecum?

A

A small pit-like depression at the point of the sulcus terminalis.

103
Q

What are the stages of tooth development?

A

Initiation, bud, cap, bell, apposition, maturation.

104
Q

When does the initiation stage occur?

A

During the 6th week.

105
Q

What is the main physiological process for the initiation stage?

A

Induction.

106
Q

What happens during the initiation stage?

A

The stomodeum is lined by ectoderm, which influences mesenchyme to initiate odontogenesis.

107
Q

What does the outer part of the ectoderm give rise to during the initiation stage?

A

The oral epithelium.

108
Q

What is the ectomesenchyme?

A

The tissue deep to the forming oral epithelium.

109
Q

What does the basement membrane do during the initiation stage?

A

It separates the oral epithelium from the ectomesenchyme.

110
Q

What happens in the later part of the initiation stage? what week does this happen?

A

On the 7th week, the oral epithelium grows deeper into the ectomesenchyme and produces a layer called the Dental Lamina.

111
Q

When does the bud stage occur?

A

At the beginning of the 8th week.

112
Q

What is the main physiological process during the bud stage?

A

Proliferation (controlled cellular growth).

113
Q

What happens during the bud stage?

A

Growth of the dental lamina into a bud that penetrates the growing ectomesenchyme.

114
Q

What is the result of proliferation during the bud stage?

A

Tooth bud, 10 on each arch.

115
Q

What happens to the ectomesenchyme and basement membrane during the bud stage?

A

Ectomesenchyme proliferates while the basement membrane remains between the lamina and the ectomesenchyme.

116
Q

What does the tooth bud turn into?

A

Tooth germ.

117
Q

What is anodontia?

A

The absence of a single tooth during the initiation stage.

118
Q

When does the cap stage occur?

A

From the 9th to the 10th week.

119
Q

What is the physiological process during the cap stage?

A

Morphogenesis.

120
Q

What happens during the cap stage?

A

Unequal growth of different parts of the tooth bud.

121
Q

What is a primordial?

A

A structure or tissue in the earliest stage of development.

122
Q

What is developed during the cap stage?

A

A tooth germ, which includes the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac.

123
Q

What is the enamel organ in a tooth germ? what will it become?

A

The deepest part of a tooth bud that is cap-shaped; it will become the enamel.

124
Q

What is the enamel knot?

A

A region noted in molars’ enamel organ orchestrating posterior crown form.

125
Q

What is the dental papilla? what is it the remnant of?

A

Remnant of the ectomesenchyme, now a mass within the concavity of the cap of the enamel organ.

126
Q

What is the future structure of the dental papilla?

A

Dentin and pulp.

127
Q

What happens to the basement membrane during the cap stage?

A

It remains between the enamel organ and the dental papilla, becoming the dentinoenamel junction.

128
Q

What is the dental sac?

A

Surrounds the developing tooth (enamel organ and dental papilla) and becomes cementum, PDL, and alveolar bone.

129
Q

When does the initiation of permanent dentition begin? where does it start and proceed?

A

During the tenth week of prenatal development, starting at the midline and proceeding posteriorly.

130
Q

What is the successional dental lamina?

A

An extension of the dental lamina into ectomesenchyme forming succedaneous permanent teeth.

131
Q

What are succedaneous teeth?

A

Permanent teeth that replace primary teeth (1s-5s).

132
Q

What are nonsuccedaneous teeth?

A

Permanent teeth that do not replace a primary tooth (6s and 7s).

133
Q

When does the bell stage occur?

A

From the 11th to the 12th week.

134
Q

What is the main physiological process during the bell stage?

A

Differentiation (proliferation and morphogenesis also occur).

135
Q

What are the 4 cell types due to differentiation during the bell stage?

A

Outer enamel epithelium
stellate reticulum
stratum intermedium
inner enamel epithelium

136
Q

What is the outer enamel epithelium?

A

The protective barrier for the enamel organ.

137
Q

What is the inner enamel epithelium?

A

The innermost tall, columnar cells of the enamel organ that will differentiate into ameloblasts to form enamel matrix.

138
Q

What is between the outer enamel epithelium and inner enamel epithelium?

A

Stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium.

139
Q

What does the stellate reticulum do?

A

Provides space for forming enamel.

140
Q

What does the stratum intermedium do?

A

Flat cuboidal cells that support enamel mineralization.

141
Q

What do the stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium do?

A

Help support the future production of enamel matrix.

142
Q

What happens to the dental papilla during the bell stage?

A

It consists of two types of tissue: outer cells of the dental papilla and central cells of the dental papilla.

143
Q

What are odontoblasts? where were they differentiated from?

A

Dentin-secreting cells that differentiate from the outer cells of the dental papilla.

144
Q

What do the central cells of the dental papilla become?

A

The primordium of the pulp.

145
Q

What happens to the dental sac during the bell stage?

A

It undergoes histodifferentiation into cementum, PDL, and alveolar process.

146
Q

What is the periodontium?

A

Cementum, PDL, and alveolar process.

147
Q

What is the apposition stage?

A

The secretory stage during which enamel, dentin, and cementum are secreted in successive layers, resulting in appositional growth.

148
Q

What is the maturation stage?

A

The final stage of odontogenesis when matrices of hard dental tissue types fully mineralize.

149
Q

When does primary dentition develop?

A

During the embryonic and fetal period, approximately 6 weeks.

150
Q

When does permanent dentition mostly develop?

A

During the fetal period.

151
Q

What organ has the longest development period?

A

Teeth.

152
Q

What types of interaction are involved in the initiation of tooth development?

A

Interaction of ectoderm and mesenchyme.

153
Q

What are the final stages of odontogenesis?

A
  1. Apposition stage: secretory stage where enamel, dentin, and cementum are secreted in successive layers.
  2. Maturation stage: final stage when matrices of hard dental tissue types fully mineralize.
154
Q

Which organ has the longest development period?

A

Teeth.

155
Q

What two types of embryonic cells interact in tooth development?

A

Oral epithelial cells that line the stomodeum and mesenchymal cells.

156
Q

Why is the dental lamina important in tooth development?

A
  1. Blueprint
  2. Initiates development
  3. Directs tooth germ formation
  4. Forms the enamel organ.
157
Q

What is microdontia?

A

Abnormally small teeth during the budding stage.

158
Q

What are peg lateral and peg molar?

A

Small teeth.

159
Q

What is dens in dente?

A

Tooth within a tooth, enamel organ abnormally invaginated during the cap stage.

160
Q

What is gemination?

A

During the cap stage, a single tooth germ attempts to divide into two, appearing as two crowns joined together by a notched incisal area.

161
Q

What is fusion?

A

During the cap stage, the union of two adjacent tooth germs.

162
Q

What is enamel dysplasia?

A

Faulty development of enamel during the maturation stage.

163
Q

What is enamel hypoplasia?

A

Reduction of enamel matrix quantity during the maturation stage.

164
Q

What is enamel hypocalcification?

A

Reduction in the quality of enamel maturation during the maturation stage.

165
Q

What is amelogenesis imperfecta?

A

Thin or no enamel during the maturation stage.

166
Q

What do enamel organs turn into and what do they secrete?

A

Enamel organs turn into ameloblasts, which secrete enamel.

167
Q

What does the dental papilla turn into and what does it secrete?

A

Dental papilla turns into odontoblasts, which secrete dentin and pulp.

168
Q

What surrounds the enamel organ and dental papilla?

A

Dental sac.

169
Q

What does the dental sac secrete?

A

Cementoblasts, which secrete cementum.

170
Q

What is the cervical loop responsible for?

A

Root development.

171
Q

in terms of root development, What is the role of the stellate reticulum?

A

Root dentin.

172
Q

What does the Hertwig epithelial root sheath do?

A

Shapes the roots and induces dentin formation.

173
Q

How does the cervical loop give rise to the Hertwig epithelial root sheath?

A

The cervical loop grows deeper into the surrounding ectomesenchyme of the dental sac, elongating and moving away from the newly completed crown area.

174
Q

Where are rests of mallesez formed from?

A

Formed from the disintegration of the root sheath and root dentin.

175
Q

Where are the rests of Malassez located and what do they do?

A

Located in the mature PDL, they are involved in repairing and regeneration.

176
Q

What is cementogenesis?

A

**Appositional **growth of the cementum in the root area.

177
Q

What is amelogenesis?

A

Process of enamel formation on teeth.

178
Q

What are preameloblasts?

A

Immature cells that differentiate into ameloblasts.

179
Q

What are the key functions of preameloblasts?

A
  1. Cell proliferation: division
  2. Differentiation into mature ameloblasts
  3. Enamel matrix secretion.

histology (2 decks)

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