Histology Review Flashcards
What is purulent pericarditis associated with?
infection
What is hemorrhagic pericarditis associated with?
trauma, infections such as TB / malignancy
What form of pericarditis is normally associated with uremia?
fibrinous pericarditis
Post-MI pericarditis is?
fibrinous pericarditis
What are Anitschkow cells and Aschoff bodies associated with?
rheumatic myocarditis
What histological finding is associated with transmural infarction?
dense fibrous tissue without inflammation
What causes eosinophilic myocarditis?
Drug reactions or infections like Chaga’s disease
What is acute bacterial endocarditis associated with?
systemic signs of infection
fever, chills, positive blood culture
Where do valvular vegetations localize in acute bacterial endocarditis?
“low flow” sides of valve
side before the valve (ex: MV develops vegetations on atrial side)
Marantic endocarditis is associated with
malignancy
Does MVP normally have vegetations?
no
just associated with myomatous degeneration of valve
What causes MVP?
myxomatous degeneration of valve
Mönckebergmedial calcific sclerosis
occurs in muscular media
doesn’t impinge on lumen
Cystic medial degeneration looks like …
lots of wavy lines on histology
What can cystic medial degeneration lead to?
thoracic / ascending aortic aneurysm
What causes descending aortic aneurysms?
atherosclerosis
What are 2 forms of arteriosclerosis ?
Hyaline
Hyperplastic
Hyaline arteriosclerosis looks like …
pink around the vessel (looks like pretty controlled ring)
What is the etiology of Hylaine arteriosclerosis?
HTN (mostly)
also DM
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis looks like…
onion-skinning swirls
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis is mostly caused by
HTN emergency
What can you see with coagulative necrosis post-MI?
dark pink contraction bands
also known as contractile band necrosis
When does coagulative necrosis occur post-MI?
about a day
What will granulation tissue look like on histology? When does it occur?
will have more blood
occurs around 10-14 days
What will scar look like on histology? When does it occur?
blue collagen on trichrome stain
occurs after 2 months
Myocin binding protein defect points you to
HCM
What does HCM look like on histology
lots of myocyte disarray / disorganization
Does HCM have impaired EF?
no
it is a diastolic heart failure
What does dilated CM look like on histology?
myocytes are still pretty organized
there is intracellular fibrous
Arrhythmogenic Right ventricular CM looks like …
fat replacing myocytes! see white fat on histology!
How does amyloidosis look on histology?
Apple-green birefrigence with Congo red stain
What is most common cause of myocarditis in the US? What does it look like on histology?
Viral myocarditis normally due to Coxsackie virus
Lymphocytes in myocardium
How many lobes does an eosinophil have?
2
If you see long nuclei that look like catepillars what should you be thinking?
rheumatic myocarditis
these are problem Anitschow cells
When is the fish mouth valve seen?
rheumatic mitral stenosis
Four cardinal features of tetralogy of fallot
1) VSD
2) right ventricular outflow obstruction (i.e. subpulmonic stenosis)
3) overriding of the VSD by the aorta
4) right ventricular hypertrophy
What is an aortic dissection? How does it present?
tear in the intima
tearing chest pain
What are 2 most common associations of AAA?
HTN + atherosclerosis
Where do you find berry aneurysms? What does it present with? What does it cause?
in circle of willis
can lead to subarachnoid hemorrhage
presents with worst headache ever
Mycotic aneurysm is caused by …
bacterial infection
What are varicose veins? What are their risks?
distended veins
low risk of DVT
What is thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis? What are their risks?
thrombophlebitis: blood clot in veins due to inflammation
phlebothrombosis: blood clot in veins due to non-inflammatory processes
risk of PE
When is there greatest risk of rupture following MI?
3-7 days
when there is loose granulation tissues without much structural integrity
What does a free wall rupture post-MI lead to?
hemopericardium
What is mural thrombus? What are the risks?
blood pools following MI since heart is not beating as well after injury
this can lead to embolus (either gangrene or stroke)
What is a sign of reperfusion injury?
contraction bands present
Myocardial stunning vs. hibernation
Stunning: acute damage that can recover in a couple days
Hibernation: chronic ischemia that may hibernate for days-weeks than recover function later
What is most common cause of dilated CM? What is most common cause of known dilated CM?
idiopathic
alcohol
peripartum CM is a form of what kind of CM?
dilated CM
What is the cause of hypertrophic CM?
genetic
What are 2 causes of restrictive CM?
amyloid
fibroelastosis
“Stiffening” indicates …
restrictive CM
Naxos syndrome is associated with …
arrhythmic right ventricular Cm
When do you see “nutmeg liver”?
right-sided HF since there is systemic edema in liver
When do you see hemisodern-laden macrophages?
left-sided heart failure
