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Pulmonology > Histology: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histology: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

internal opening of the nasal cavity

A

choana

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2
Q

clinical comment: tuberculosis

A

alveolar macrophages engulf the bacteria but are unable to be digested and therefore stay in the macrophage, damage to these cells through another infection can trigger the release f M. tuberculosis

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3
Q

what cell type are small granule cells homologous with

A

enteroendocrine cells of the GI tract- can be explained bythe development of the respiratory tract and lungs from the envagination of the primitive foregut

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4
Q

name the layers of the mucosa of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

A

1.) cilliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium 2.) Lamina propria

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5
Q

Blood-gas barrier

A

type I pneumocytes + endothelial cells = fused basal lamina = blood gas barrier (location of primary gas exchange) - does not normally allow passage of fluid into the alveoli

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6
Q

Tracheal cartilages

A

separate the lamina propria from the adventitia- C-shaped hyaline cartilages that are open posteriorly

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7
Q

Goblet cells (definition and function)

A

synthesize and secrete mucous via merocrine secretion onto the surface of the epithelium

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8
Q

Bronchioles

A

supply individual pulmonary lobes

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9
Q

alveolar macrophages

A

derived from blood monocytes and are presnet in the septal walls and alveolar spaces (more common) - collect particles and pollen from the alveolar surface

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10
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

conducting part of the respiratory system that supplies pulmonary acini

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11
Q

club cells

A

specialized secretory cells. Buldging surface cytoplasm with typical protein secreteing cell appearance (wel developed RER, SER, and Golgi) that secrete lipoprotiens (surface active agents that prevent adesions in the event of collapse) and club cell protien (abundant component of airway secretion)

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12
Q

what makes the olfactory epithelium unique

A

contains neurons and lacks goblet cells

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13
Q

alveolar pores

A

located in the interalveolar septum. Connect neigboring alveoli. Equilize air pressure and provide collateral circulation if bronchiole is obstructed

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14
Q

what are the alveolar cell types

A

1.)Type I pneumocyte 2.) Type II pneumocyte 3.) alveolar macrophages

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15
Q

Name the three regions of the nasal cavity

A

1.) Vestibule 2.) Respiratory Segment 3.) Olfactory Segement

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16
Q

what epithelium lines the larynx

A

cilliated pseudostratified columnar that changes to stratified squamous in areas of high abrasion (epiglottis and vocal cords)

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17
Q

Bronchi: discontinuous cartilaginous plates

A

hyaline cartilage covered by perichondrium that descend all the way to minor bronchi

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18
Q

alveolar duct

A

no wall left of the respiratory bronchiole - end in blind endings known as alveolar sacs

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19
Q

components of trachea mucosa

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) and lamina propria

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20
Q

Trachea: Submuosa

A

loose connective tissue and seromucous glands that open to the surface of the epithelium where they secrete secretory products (mostly glycoprotens) that get distribute don the surface

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21
Q

alveolar septa

A

separate alveoli and contain the richest capillary network in the body in the interstitium. Capillaries are continuous (to prevent pleural edema and pleural effusion) and elastic fibers (prevent collapse die to changes in pressure during inhalation and exhalation)

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22
Q

mucous production (general)

A

mucous production is good as long as it stays proximally - the further down you go the more serous the secretions get (almost no mucous in the bronchial tree)

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23
Q

Brush Cells (definition and function)

A

have short blunt IMMOTILE microvilli. Function: Receptor cells that are repsonsible for general sensation of the respiratory system

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24
Q

features of the tracheal mucosa

A

Respiratory epithelium rests on thick basement membrane (well developed lamina propria comprosed of primarily collagen) Lamina propria contains well developed elastin fibers - elastic membrane seperates the mucosa and submucosa

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25
Q

major site of gas exchange

A

alveoli

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26
Q

vibrissae (definition and function)

A

still hairs within the epithelium of the vetibule, associated with subaceous glands - function: trap LARGE dust particles

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27
Q

“order” the respiratory system

A

trachea, bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary), bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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28
Q

alveoli

A

function to increase the surface area of the lung ( 75 m squared- size of a tennis court)

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29
Q

small cell lung cancer

A

“oat cell carcinoma” most aggressive and rapidly growing lung cancers. Highly malignant (up to 20% of lung cancers) Strongly related to cigarette smoking - 1% occuring in non-smokers

30
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

FIRST ONE TO PERFORM GAS EXCHANGE. Bring air to the alveoli. Lined with ciliated cubodal cells and a large number of club cells. Very little smooth muscle in the walls (alveoli begin opening into the walls)

31
Q

Ciliated cells (definition and function)

A

tall columnar cells with MOTILE cilia- numerous in conducting portions of the respiratory system. Function: cilia beat synchronously to move mucous along the surface of the epihelium

32
Q

Bronchi mucosa

A

1.) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) with goblet cells and 2.) lamina propria ( BALT- bronchi associated lymphatic tissue- appear as diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid nodules)

33
Q

Larynx

A

Forms a passageway for air between the pharynx and trachea. Supported by several hyaline and elastic cartilages

34
Q

amount of cartilage as you move through the bronchial tree

A

amount of cartilage decreases as you move through the bronchial tree

35
Q

multilamellar bodies

A

granules within type II pneumocytes that contain surfactant

36
Q

Supportingc ells (sustentacular cells)

A

most numerous of the cell types in the olfactory epithelium. Tall columnar cells with apically placed nuclei. Apical surface contains microvilli Function: mechanical and metabolic support for olfactory cells - production of odorant-binding protiens

37
Q

name the cell types (5) in the cilliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium) of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

A

1.) Cilliated cells 2.) Goblet cells 3.) Basal cells 4.) Brush cells 5.) Small granule cells

38
Q

Type I pneumocyte

A

flattened squamous cell that occupies 95% of the surface of the alveolus . Joined by occluding junctions and are NOT capable of mitosis. Basal Lamina is fused with capollaries to form a fused basal lamina (blood gas barrier- location of primary gas exchange)

39
Q

as you move distally discuss the number of club cells and ciliated cells

A

as you move distally the number of cilliated cells decreases and club cells increase

40
Q

Nasal Cavities (definition)

A

paired chambers separated by bony and cartilaginous septum

41
Q

name the layers of the bronchi wall

A

1.) Mucosa 2.) Muscularis 3.) Submucosa 4.) Discontinuous cartilaginous plates 5.) Adventitia

42
Q

dimensions of the trachea

A

2.5 cm in diaeter and 10 cm long

43
Q

mucocilliary aparatus (definition and function)

A

Goblet cells + Ciiated cells. Function = trapping and removing SMALL particles from the respiratory system

44
Q

name the functions of the respiratory system (5)

A

1.) Filtration ( in nasal cavities) 2.) Air Conduction 3.) Gas Exchange 4.) Smell 5.) Generation of sound

45
Q

what cell types make up the olfactory epithelium

A

1.) Olfactory cells 2.) Supporting cells 3.) basal cells

46
Q

function of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

A

warm, moisten, and filter inspired air

47
Q

Bowman’s glands (definition and function)

A

branced tubuloalveolar serousous secreting glands in the lamina propria of the olfactroy segement of the nasal cavity - short ducts deliver watery secretion to the surfaceo f the epithelium to serve as a trap and a solvent for odiferous substances. Constant flow of fluid in the glands provides “washing of the olfactory surfacce from remnants of previouslt trapped odorous substanes so that new smells can be detected

48
Q

Bronchi vs trachea

A

Bronchi are characterized by cartilaginous plates and a continuous layer of smooth muscle

49
Q

vestibule epithelium

A

stratified squamous

50
Q

olfactory cells (definition and function)

A

bipolar neuron that spans the entire thickness of the epithelium - dendrite projects to the apical surface to form knob like structre (olfactory vesicle) Apical surface of the dendrite contains immotile cilia (plasma membrane of the cilia contain olfactory receptors(g-protein coupled receptors) - generate action potentials) Axons of tegh olactory nerve (cranial nerve I)

51
Q

Trachealis

A

connects the free ends of tracheal cartilage - smooth muscle fibers that are NOT CONTINUOUS

52
Q

where is bronchoconstriction the most pronounced, why

A

most pronounced when you get past tertiary bronchi due to lack of cartilage

53
Q

which region of the nasa cavity occupies the most volume

A

respiratory segment

54
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Common in newborn infants due to insufficient surfactant sytnetsis leading to collapse of alveoli on each sucessive inhalation. Administration of exgenous surfactant to premature infants reduces RDS

55
Q

surfactant

A

secreted by multilamellar bodies of type II pneumocytes. Reduce surface tension inside the alveoli and prevent them from collapsing

56
Q

lamina propria of the respiratory segment of the nasal cavity

A

attached to the periosteum of the adjacent bone or perichondrium of the adjacent cartilage. Contains an extensive venous plexus near the inferior and medial nasal conchae (helps to warm inspired air)

57
Q

Bronci (definition and function)

A

deliver air from the trachea to the lungs. Start as primary trunks (primary bronchi) that branch profusely into the bronchial tree

58
Q

Olfactory segment of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory epihelium designed for reception of the sense of cell - rests on a well developed thick lamina propria

59
Q

Terminal bronchiole epithelium

A

simple cuboidal epithelium ( cuboidal/low columnar ciliated cells and club cells)

60
Q

two surfaces of the respiratory segment

A

1.) Medial wall (smooth) 2.) Lateral wall (turbinates- increase the surface area for warmong nad moistening air and cauing air tubulance to allow more efficient conditioning of the incoming air)

61
Q

What designates a bronchiole

A

when cartilaginous plates and glands dissapear

62
Q

Structures in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium

A

1.) Bowman’s glands (olfactory glands) 2.) Unmyelinated axons 3.) Venou sinuses

63
Q

Basal cells (definition and function)

A

Replacement cells- differentiate into other cell types of the respiratory epithelium (normally do not reach the surface)

64
Q

External opening of the nasal cavity

A

nostril

65
Q

what is the name of the most anterior part of the nasal cavity

A

vestibule

66
Q

what is the purpose of turbulance caused by turbinates

A

pushes dust particles to the periphery to be removed by the mucosa

67
Q

unmyelinated axons

A

extend toward the cribiform plate to form the olfactory nerves

68
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

large rounded or cuboidal secretory cells (surfactant) that are more concentarted in the septal junctions . ARE capable of mitosis and are replacement cells for Type I pneumocytes

69
Q

Bronchi muscularis

A

CONTINUOUS layer of smooth muscle (how you can differentiate from the trachea)

70
Q

Small Granule Cells (definition and function)

A

secretory cells that contain membrane bound granules at the base of the cells. Similar to enteroendocrine cells - secrete out to the interstitum NOT to the lumen. Control the rate of secretion of mucous by goblet cells

71
Q

Pharynx

A

connects nasal and oral cavities to the larynx (nasopharynx) and esophogus (oropharynx)

72
Q

non-small cell lung cancer

A

most common lung cancer(75% of all malignant tumors to the lung) - fast developing metastizing tumor. Occurs in smokers and non-smokers Most common type of NSCC are squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

Pulmonology (2 decks)

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