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Histology > Histology old test questions > Flashcards

Histology old test questions Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the benefits of using a specimen-tracking system

A

Specimen tracking system minimizes errors by tracking each specimen via a barcode during processing. This eliminates errors in the lab and alarms individuals when wrong specimens are being processed as each specimen has its unique barcode. Previous testing is identified and turnaround time (TAT) is also improved.

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2
Q

Defat / Decal is done post or pre-fixation. State the reason for your choice

A

Post- Defat / Decal solution has components that will damage tissue morphology if done pre-fixation.

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3
Q

What is the main aim of fixation?

A

The main aim of fixation is to fix cell components in a chemical and physical state that resembles the state of living tissue and can withstand reagents and subsequent processes.

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4
Q

List the 3 categories that pre-registration anomalies fall into

A
  1. Mislabeled
  2. Unlabeled
  3. Inadequately labeled
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5
Q

Define compound fixative and give an example of a compound fixative most commonly used in histology

A

A compound fixative is a fixative that is made up of multiple components. An example of this is NBF ( Neutral buffered formalin)

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6
Q

List 3 types of fixation artifacts

A
  1. Formalin - Heme pigment artifact - brown/black deposit
  2. Mercury pigment artifact - granular black deposit
  3. Dichromate pigment - removed by washing
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7
Q

List 4 factors affecting fixation

A
  1. pH
  2. Osmolarity
  3. Concentration of fixative
  4. Temperature
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8
Q

List 2 characteristics features of an ideal fixative

A
  1. Readily available
  2. Non - flammable
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9
Q

What is the main advantage of using paraffin wax for embedding in histology?

A

Paraffin wax is ideal for cutting serial sections in histology

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10
Q

What is a softening fluid or agent and describe when it is used in histology

A

An agent that softens hard particles such as calcium. Used on tissue that has calcifications to be able to cut sections. EDTA is an example of a softening agent.

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11
Q

The staining method to demonstrate hemosiderin or iron is called ___ and state its result

A

Background - Pink
Hemosiderin - Deep blue

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12
Q

Describe Embedding AND state its use in histology

A

Embedding is the process in which the supporting medium surrounds all tissue cavities and spaces to provide rigidity and firmness so that thin sections can be cut during microtomy.

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13
Q

Describe “single piece flow” and its value in histology laboratories

A

Single-piece flow refers to the handling of one specimen at a time. Handling more than one specimen at a time can cause mix-up, contamination, and safety hazards and will affect the overall quality of the tissue and end product which ultimately can affect the diagnosis of a patient.

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14
Q

Name the most commonly used clearing agent in Histology

A

Xylol

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15
Q

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of Xylol

A

Advantage - Doesnt affect subsequent processing
Disadvantage - Hazardous - harmful if inhaled (carcinogen)

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16
Q

List TWO reasons for performing cryotomy

A
  1. Make urgent diagnosis
  2. Studying enzyme histochemistry
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17
Q

Compare and contrast Direct and Indirect staining

A

Direct - Bonding between molecules
Indirect - involves mordant - link between dye and tissue

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18
Q

State the importance of having the FOUR stages of tissue processing in their correct order

A

Having the 4 stages of tissue processing out of order will affect the tissue quality and ultimately the diagnosis of the patient.

Fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation

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19
Q

List the 3 types of dyes used in histology

A
  1. Acidic
  2. Basic
  3. Neutral
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20
Q

Define Regressive staining

A

The process of overstaining a tissue and selectively removing dye until the desired level of staining is achieved.

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21
Q

Give 1 example of a regressive staining method

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin (Regressive)

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22
Q

Give 1 example of a Differentiating agent used in H&E’s Regressive

A

Weak acid alcohol (0.5-1% HCl in 70% alcohol)

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23
Q

List 2 principles of fixation

A
  1. Coagulation and denaturation of proteins
  2. Hardens tissue by forming cross-links between proteins
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24
Q

List 3 factors and their effect on the rate of tissue processing

A
  1. Temperature - Higher temperature increases the rate of tissue processing
  2. Concentration of reagents - Higher concentration increases the rate of tissue processing
  3. Tissue size - smaller tissues can have a faster rate of tissue processing as less penetration is required hence less time.
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25
Q

State the importance of having correct tissue orientation during embedding in diagnostic histology

A

Incorrect tissue orientation can lead to diagnostically important parts of tissue being missed or tissue being damaged and poorly processed

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26
Q

Name 3 types of staining employed in histology

A
  1. Simple
  2. Differential
  3. Special
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27
Q

List the cause and remedy for the following microtomy issues

Scoring or splitting of sections

Areas of tissue in the block not present

Holes present in the section

Sections breaking up on waterbath

A
  1. Scoring or splitting of sections - Caused by nick in knife or hard particles in wax / tissue = Replace blade of microtome
  2. Areas of tissue in the block not present - uneven surface of the block or incorrect orientation of tissue = readjust block and coarse trim until surface is flat or if tissue components are suspected to be lost - re-embed tissue.
  3. Holes present in section - Harsh and coarse trimming = coarse trim followed by careful fine trimming with nice and even rotations
  4. Sections breaking up on waterbath - Waterbath temperature too high or poor fixation = lower temperature of water bath / defat
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28
Q

List 2 advantages of Formalin as a fixative

A
  1. Denaturing of proteins doesn’t interfere with most surgical pathological diagnosis
  2. Doesn’t affect subsequent processing
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29
Q

List 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using a rotary microtome

A

advantage - able to cut serial sections
disadvantage - risk OOS - occupational overuse syndrome

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30
Q

List 2 uses of PAS stain in histology

A
  1. Demonstrate glycogen/carbohydrates
  2. Demonstrate the presence of mucins and basement membrane in the kidney
31
Q

Describe the TWO broad headings pigments fall under

A
  1. Exogenous
  2. Endogenous
32
Q

Give the most suitable fixative for the following studies

DIFL
Lymph node (frozen section)
EM
Skin Biopsy (routine histology)

A

DIFL - Methanol/acetone
Lymph node - Bouins
EM - Glutaraldehyde
Skin Biopsy - Formalin

33
Q

Give 2 practical considerations for staining

A
  1. Filter reagents
  2. Right equipment (fumehood)
34
Q

Give a reason why histology equipment must be validated before it is used.

A

So that we can produce valid and quality results with minimal errors

35
Q

List 3 methods of checking the endpoint of decalcification

A
  1. Poking, prodding and bending
  2. X-ray
  3. Chemical test
36
Q

List 2 disadvantages of formalin as a fixative

A
  1. Toxic
  2. Prolonged use causes artifacts (heme pigment)
37
Q

Give examples of embedding media used in histology for the following

Routine histology
EM studies
Frozen section

A

Routine - Paraffin wax
EM studies - Resin
Frozen section - OCT

38
Q

Define Argentaffin cells and state a staining method used to demonstrate these

A

Entities that stain in silver nitrate solution without a chemical reduction agent: Fontana Masson

39
Q

Name a staining method used to demonstrate spirochetes

A

Warthin-Starry stain (WS)

40
Q

List 5 categories of specimens for cut-up that fall under

A

A,B,C,D,E

41
Q

What is the importance of inking a specimen?

A

inking a specimen helps identify the cut surface and allows for proper orientation during processing. Inking also allows the identification of different samples in the same slide.

42
Q

List 5 general principles of specimen grossing

A
  1. Specimen identification
  2. All anatomical structures identified
  3. Weight
  4. Measurement (length, breadth, height)
  5. Colour
43
Q

Give an example of a Microanatomical and Cytological fixative

A

Cytological - Nuclear and cytoplasmic fixatives
Microanotomical - Formalin

44
Q

List 3 considerations of a fixative

A
  1. Rate of penetration
  2. Does it preserve tissue
  3. Type of tissue / specimen
45
Q

T/F- Acidic stains stain cytoplasmic and basic stains stain nucleus

A

True

46
Q

What is the advantage of serial sections as opposed to stepped-level sections?

A

The advantage of serial sections is that since multiple sections are cut in a sequence we can get sections from the whole specimen, this allows us to / give a higher chance of picking up lesions. Stepped-level sections have a superficial layer presented first and then levels according to what’s required however the whole block is not cut through.

47
Q

In a Rectal biopsy, serial sections are done to look at what types of cells

A

Ganglion cells

48
Q

What is the difference between a ‘recut’ and a ‘deeper’ section

A

Recut is cutting another section from a block at the same level

Deeper is cutting a section at another level that is deeper than the first

49
Q

What is the role of MOHs surgery in Histopathology

A

The role of MOHs is to remove skin cancer at maximum effectiveness with minimal tissue loss

50
Q

What types of skin cancer are treated by MOHs Surgery

A

SCC - squamous cell carcinoma
BCC - Basal cell carcinoma

51
Q

List 3 advantages of MOHs surgery

A
  1. High cure rate
  2. Minimal tissue loss
  3. Outline surgical margins
52
Q

List 1 disadvantage of MOHs surgery

A
  1. Tedious - time-consuming procedure
53
Q

List 2 types of tissue found in bone

A
  1. Compact
  2. Cancellous
  3. Subchondral
54
Q

List 2 common malignant tumours of bone

A
  1. Osteosarcoma
  2. Ewing’s sarcoma
55
Q

What does TNM stand for

A

Tumour Node Metastasis

56
Q

List 2 types of treatment used for lung cancer

A
  1. Radiation therapy
  2. Chemotherapy
57
Q

T/F - Chondrosarcoma arises from the hard bone

A

F

58
Q

List 1 risk factor of prostate cancer

A

Age

59
Q

Name the 2 types of Lung cancer

A
  1. NSCLC - Non-small cell lung cancer
  2. SCLC - Small cell lung cancer
60
Q

What is the most common type of non-small cell lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

61
Q

List 3 risk factors of lung cancer

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Age
  3. Genetics
62
Q

T/F - A biopsy of the lung helps to determine the grading of cancer

A

T

63
Q

T/F - TTF1 is a common marker for lung cancer

A

T

64
Q

Name the type of cells p63 antibody mark

A

Basal cells

65
Q

T/F - Cytokeratin is an epithelial cell marker

A

T

66
Q

List 4 features that are recorded during specimen grossing or cut-up

A

Specimen type
Colour and appearance
Measurements - Length, Width, Weight
Margins

67
Q

Name the 2 types of cancer of the uterus

A

Endometrial adenocarcinoma
Endocervical adenocarcinoma

68
Q

What is the most common IHC marker used for diagnosing cervical cancer?

A

p16

69
Q

Name the 2 types of lymphoma commonly found

A
  1. Hodgkins
  2. Non-hodgkins
70
Q

Name the antibody that labels T-cells and B-cells in a lymph node

A

T cell - CD3
CD20 - B Cell

71
Q

List 1 risk factor of a lymphoma

A

Age, Infections, Immune deficiency

72
Q

List 4 types of skin specimens that are examined

A
  1. Curettings
  2. Elipse
  3. Punch biopsy
  4. Shave
73
Q

List the gastrointestinal regions in order

A
  1. Ascending
  2. Transverse
  3. Descending
  4. Sigmoid
74
Q

Name an antibody that labels melanocytes in a skin specimen

A

Melan-A

Histology (3 decks)

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