Histology of the Respiratory System Flashcards
What are the two division of respiratory system? What is the function of each?
Conducting Portion
- Responsible for supplying lungs with air
Respiratory Portion
- Site of gas exhange
What are components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
- Nasal cavities/ olfactory areas
- Nasopharynx
- Larynx and epiglottis
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bonchioles
What are components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts and sacs
- Alveoli
What are some of the key changes in air passageways from nasal cavity to alveoli?
- Decrease in size
- Increase in number
- Decrease in thickness and rigidity of wall
- Change i epithelial lining
- Decrease of gland number to none
- Less rigid pathways b/c of bone and cartilage
- Disappearance of cilia and goblet cells
What are components of the nasal cavity?
- Nostrils (Nares)
- External surface
- Vestibule
- Opening area
What kind of epithelium makes up the external surface of the nostrils?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
*Hair can also be found here
What kind of epithelium makes up the external surface of the vestibule?
- Anterior nasal cavity: Non-keratinized squamous epithelium
- Further back: Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitelium with goblet cells)
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What are the components of respiratory epithelium?
- columnar cell with cilia (300)
- goblet cell, mucus (glycoproteins)
- basal (short) cell, generative stem cell
- endocrine cells, cells of Kulchitsky
What are the components of the lamina propria?
- connective tissue
- superficial venous plexus, countercurrent flow
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Immotile cell syndrome is also known as _______________.
Kartagener’s Syndrome
True or False. Goblet cells are not found in the olfactory area.
True
Olfactory epithelium is __________.
Pseudostratified
Olfactory receptor proteins are found in ___________.
Cilia
In the olfactory area, microvilli are found on the ___________.
Supporting cells
What epithelium covers each part of the epiglottis?
Lingual surface (upper part): stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
Pharyngeal surface (lower part): pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
The epiglottis is supported by ___________ cartilage.
Elastic
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False vocal cords are lined by ____________ epithelium.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
True vocal cords are lined by ____________ epithelium.
Non-keratinized stratified squamous
NOTE: This is the ONLY place that you would found this type of epithelium
How do false vocal cords differ from true vocal cords?
False vocal cords
- NO skeletal muscle
- Mostly fat
True vocal cords
- Skeletal muscle
- Elastic tissue
*True vocal cords are inferior to true vocal cords
The C- shaped rings of the trachea are made of ___________ cartilage.
hyaline
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What result does the release of epinephrine have on the bronchial tree?
Relax smooth muscle and dilate airways
What is the structure of the bronchus?
Cartilage plates
Criss-crossing smooth muscle
Longitudinal elastic fibers
As you go down the bronchial tree, the diameter __________ (decreases/increases) and the wall thickness (decreases/increases).
Decreases; decreases
NOTE: Cartilage also disappears as you go down the bronchial tree
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BALT= Bronchial Associated Lymphatic tissue
What happens to the brochioles during an asthma attack or allergic reaction?
Contraction of distal bronchiole smooth muscle. This is a problem because at this level there is no cartilage to hold the bronchioles open. This results in a decrease in air flow
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True or False. Clara cells have no cilia.
True
What is the function of clara cells?
Secrete GAGs that protect bronchilar lining
NOTE: Clara cells are located in the epithelial lining and are dome- shaped
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In the brochiole tree, smooth muscle fibers are oriented ___________ and elastic fibers are oriented ___________.
Concentrically; longitudinally
Type I alveolar cells are known as _________ and type II alveolar cells are known as _________.
Pneymocytes; septal cells
Function of pneumocytes
Site of gas exchange
Function of septal cells
- Secrete pulmonary surfactant like phospholipids, GAGs, and proteins
- Facilitate expansion of alveoli
- Prevent collapse of alveoli
_____________ store surfactant.
Lamellar bodies
Function of alveolar dust cells
Wandering macrophages remove debris
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What are the four layers of membrane that have to be crossed for gas to pass from alveoli to blood?
- Alveolar epithelial wall of type I cells
- Alveolar epithelial basement membrane
- Capillary basement membrane
- Endothelial cells of capillary
The _____________ separates adjacent alveoli in lung tissue.
alveolar septum
Fibrosis
the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process
NOTE: This process can be stimulate by macrophages
What are the different types of disorders that can result from disorders of the respiratory system?
Inflammation and infection
- Bronchitis, pneumonia, Acute respiratory stress syndrome
Congenital disorders
- Cystic fibrosis, Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Degenerative disorders
- Emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
Cardiovascular disorders
- Pulmonary hypertension
Tumors
- Lung cancer
Immune disorders
- Asthma
Trauma
- Nosebleeds, pneumothorax
Human alveolar macrophage from a nonsmoker
Human alveolar macrophage fro a cigarette smoker
Elastase is inhibited by ________.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin
NOTE: Elastase can cause emphysema
Emphysema
Chronic lung disease caused by damage to the alveoli. With emphysema, damage to the alveoli results in air becoming trapped, causing them to expand and rupture.
What is the mechanism of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
- Surfactant coat is not present or produced in low amounts in a premature infant
- The alveolar surface tension increases
- Hypoventilation causes low oxygen and retention of CO2.
- Pulmonary hypoperfusion
- Endothelial cell damage
- Fibrin and other proteins form a hyaline membrane exudate
