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SF3- EXAM 2 > Histology of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Histology of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two division of respiratory system? What is the function of each?

A

Conducting Portion

  • Responsible for supplying lungs with air

Respiratory Portion

  • Site of gas exhange
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2
Q

What are components of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

A
  • Nasal cavities/ olfactory areas
  • Nasopharynx
  • Larynx and epiglottis
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal bonchioles
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3
Q

What are components of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A
  • Respiratory Bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts and sacs
  • Alveoli
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4
Q

What are some of the key changes in air passageways from nasal cavity to alveoli?

A
  • Decrease in size
  • Increase in number
  • Decrease in thickness and rigidity of wall
  • Change i epithelial lining
  • Decrease of gland number to none
  • Less rigid pathways b/c of bone and cartilage
  • Disappearance of cilia and goblet cells
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5
Q

What are components of the nasal cavity?

A
  • Nostrils (Nares)
    • External surface
  • Vestibule
    • Opening area
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6
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the external surface of the nostrils?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

*Hair can also be found here

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7
Q

What kind of epithelium makes up the external surface of the vestibule?

A
  • Anterior nasal cavity: Non-keratinized squamous epithelium
  • Further back: Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epitelium with goblet cells)
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8
Q

Label

A
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9
Q

What are the components of respiratory epithelium?

A
  • columnar cell with cilia (300)
  • goblet cell, mucus (glycoproteins)
  • basal (short) cell, generative stem cell
  • endocrine cells, cells of Kulchitsky
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10
Q

What are the components of the lamina propria?

A
  • connective tissue
  • superficial venous plexus, countercurrent flow
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11
Q

Label

A
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12
Q

Immotile cell syndrome is also known as _______________.

A

Kartagener’s Syndrome

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13
Q

True or False. Goblet cells are not found in the olfactory area.

A

True

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14
Q

Olfactory epithelium is __________.

A

Pseudostratified

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15
Q

Olfactory receptor proteins are found in ___________.

A

Cilia

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16
Q

In the olfactory area, microvilli are found on the ___________.

A

Supporting cells

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17
Q

What epithelium covers each part of the epiglottis?

A

Lingual surface (upper part): stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

Pharyngeal surface (lower part): pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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18
Q

The epiglottis is supported by ___________ cartilage.

A

Elastic

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19
Q

Label

A
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20
Q

False vocal cords are lined by ____________ epithelium.

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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21
Q

True vocal cords are lined by ____________ epithelium.

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

NOTE: This is the ONLY place that you would found this type of epithelium

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22
Q

How do false vocal cords differ from true vocal cords?

A

False vocal cords

  • NO skeletal muscle
  • Mostly fat

True vocal cords

  • ​Skeletal muscle
  • Elastic tissue

*True vocal cords are inferior to true vocal cords

23
Q

The C- shaped rings of the trachea are made of ___________ cartilage.

A

hyaline

24
Q

Label

A
25
Q

Label

A
26
Q

Label

A
27
Q

Label

A
28
Q

What result does the release of epinephrine have on the bronchial tree?

A

Relax smooth muscle and dilate airways

29
Q

What is the structure of the bronchus?

A

Cartilage plates

Criss-crossing smooth muscle

Longitudinal elastic fibers

30
Q

As you go down the bronchial tree, the diameter __________ (decreases/increases) and the wall thickness (decreases/increases).

A

Decreases; decreases

NOTE: Cartilage also disappears as you go down the bronchial tree

31
Q

Label

A
32
Q

Label

A
33
Q

Label

A

BALT= Bronchial Associated Lymphatic tissue

34
Q

What happens to the brochioles during an asthma attack or allergic reaction?

A

Contraction of distal bronchiole smooth muscle. This is a problem because at this level there is no cartilage to hold the bronchioles open. This results in a decrease in air flow

35
Q

Label

A
36
Q

Label

A
37
Q

True or False. Clara cells have no cilia.

A

True

38
Q

What is the function of clara cells?

A

Secrete GAGs that protect bronchilar lining

NOTE: Clara cells are located in the epithelial lining and are dome- shaped

39
Q

Label

A
40
Q

In the brochiole tree, smooth muscle fibers are oriented ___________ and elastic fibers are oriented ___________.

A

Concentrically; longitudinally

41
Q

Type I alveolar cells are known as _________ and type II alveolar cells are known as _________.

A

Pneymocytes; septal cells

42
Q

Function of pneumocytes

A

Site of gas exchange

43
Q

Function of septal cells

A
  • Secrete pulmonary surfactant like phospholipids, GAGs, and proteins
  • Facilitate expansion of alveoli
  • Prevent collapse of alveoli
44
Q

_____________ store surfactant.

A

Lamellar bodies

45
Q

Function of alveolar dust cells

A

Wandering macrophages remove debris

46
Q

Label

A
47
Q

What are the four layers of membrane that have to be crossed for gas to pass from alveoli to blood?

A
  • Alveolar epithelial wall of type I cells
  • Alveolar epithelial basement membrane
  • Capillary basement membrane
  • Endothelial cells of capillary
48
Q

The _____________ separates adjacent alveoli in lung tissue.

A

alveolar septum

49
Q

Fibrosis

A

the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue in a reparative or reactive process

NOTE: This process can be stimulate by macrophages

50
Q

What are the different types of disorders that can result from disorders of the respiratory system?

A

Inflammation and infection

  • Bronchitis, pneumonia, Acute respiratory stress syndrome

Congenital disorders

  • Cystic fibrosis, Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Degenerative disorders

  • Emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder

Cardiovascular disorders

  • Pulmonary hypertension

Tumors

  • Lung cancer

Immune disorders

  • Asthma

Trauma

  • Nosebleeds, pneumothorax
51
Q

Human alveolar macrophage from a nonsmoker

A

Human alveolar macrophage fro a cigarette smoker

52
Q

Elastase is inhibited by ________.

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin

NOTE: Elastase can cause emphysema

53
Q

Emphysema

A

Chronic lung disease caused by damage to the alveoli. With emphysema, damage to the alveoli results in air becoming trapped, causing them to expand and rupture.

54
Q

What is the mechanism of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  1. Surfactant coat is not present or produced in low amounts in a premature infant
  2. The alveolar surface tension increases
  3. Hypoventilation causes low oxygen and retention of CO2.
  4. Pulmonary hypoperfusion
  5. Endothelial cell damage
  6. Fibrin and other proteins form a hyaline membrane exudate

SF3- EXAM 2 (11 decks)

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