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Endo Repro Test 1 > histology of endocrine organs > Flashcards

histology of endocrine organs Flashcards

1
Q

Humoral stimuli

A

release controlled by monitoring levels of ions and

nutrients in blood and body fluids.

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2
Q

neuronal stimuli

A

release stimulated by nerve signals.

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3
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

release caused by a hormone secreted into

bloodstream by another endocrine organ or cell.

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4
Q

what are the targets of hypothalamic hormones (direct)?

A 
• Anterior pituitary gland (releasing &
inhibiting factors)
• Kidney and uterus (releasing
antidiuretic hormone & oxytocin, in
the posterior pituitary)
• Adrenal medulla (sympathetic
innervation)
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5
Q

what are the targets of hypothalamic hormones (indirect )?

A
  • Thyroid gland
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Mammary gland
  • Gonads—testes or ovaries
  • Bone and other organs
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6
Q

what is ant pituitary mostly comprised of?

A

epithelial cells

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7
Q

what is post pituitary mostly comprised of?

A

axons from hypothalamus and support cells

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8
Q

Somatotropic cells

A

secrete GH

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9
Q

Thyrotropic cells

A

secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) regulating thyroid

gland secretion

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10
Q

Corticotropic cells

A

secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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11
Q

Gonadotropic cells

A

secrete FSH and LH that acts on gonads

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12
Q

Mammotropic cells

A

secrete prolactin (stimulates milk production)

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13
Q

what is found in the pars intermedia

A

• Small basophils and colloid-filled follicles
lined by cuboidal epithelium
• Frequently has cleft (remnant of lumen
of Rathke’s pouch)

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14
Q

what is found in the pars nervosa?

A

• Does not manufacture hormones, rather stores and
releases them from axon terminals
• Consists of:
• Hypothalamic unmyelinated axons
• Herring bodies—expanded axonal nerve terminals storing
ADH/oxytocin
• Pituicytes (glia-like) supporting the nerve fibers
• Fenestrated capillaries

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15
Q

acidphils of pars distalis

A
  • Somatotrophs—GH

* Mammotrophs—Prolactin

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16
Q

basophils of parts distalis

A
  • Corticotrophs—ACTH
  • Thyrotrophs—TRH
  • Gonadotrophs—FSH/LH
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17
Q

chromophobes of pars distalis

A

unknown function

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18
Q

infundibulum

A

• Neural portion (infundibular stalk)

Adenohypophysis portion

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19
Q

blood supply to hyophysis

A

2 capillary beds connected by hypophyseal portal vein

20
Q

ADH

A

targets kidney; regulates sodium and water

retention

21
Q

oxytocin

A

targets uterine smooth muscle and stimulates lactation;
induces birth. May be involved in
sexual arousal and pair and social
bonding.

22
Q

gigantism

A

excess production GH due to tumor

23
Q

acromegaly

A
  • if excess production of GH occurs after growth pates close
  • enlargement of the extremities
24
Q

pituitary dwarfs

A

hyposecretion of GH;
normal body proportion but rarely exceed 4
feet tall
• If given GH, many can reach nearly normal
stature

25
Q

pineal gland

A

Role in growth, development and circadian rhythms

• Synthesizes melatonin and serotonin

  • *Calcified granular material (brain
    sand) —calcium phosphate crystals
26
Q

thyroid blood supply

A

superior thyroid

vessels and inferior thyroid vessels

27
Q

thyroid location

A

Butterfly-shaped, bi-lobed endocrine
gland just below larynx and anterior to
trachea

28
Q

what does colloid in thyroid follicle contain?

A

thyroglobulin, a storage form of the thyroid hormones, T3 and T4 (iodine-containing
hormones)

29
Q

Parafollicular C Cells

A

• Secrete calcitonin when blood levels of calcium

are high

30
Q

• Grave’s disease

A

Abnormal antibodies stimulating TSH receptors causing

over-secretion of T3 & T4

31
Q

symptoms of graves disease

A

•elevated metabolism, sweating, rapid heart
rate, weight loss; eyeballs may protrude. Thyroidectomy or
anti-thyroid drugs.`

32
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

• Insufficient T3 & T4 production (~7% women/3% men);

often an autoimmune disease causing follicle cell death

33
Q

symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy,
chilliness, edema, and mental sluggish’ treated with
synthetic T3/T4

34
Q

goiters

A

Thyroid enlargement most commonly due to iodine
deficiency; follicle cells keep producing thyroglobulin but
cannot iodinate it to make TH.

35
Q

Parathyroid Glands

A

release parathyroid hormone
(PTH).
Major importance in regulating serum calcium and
phosphate levels.

36
Q

what cells release PTH?

A

chief (principle cells)

37
Q

what does PTH do?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and
release its calcium stores
Increase calcium retention by the kidneys
Stimulates kidney to convert an inactive form
of vitamin D to calcitriol (active vitamin D)
Calcitriol increases calcium absorption by
the intestines

38
Q

Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids)-

A

aldosterone

39
Q

Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids)

A

ACTH (CORTISOL)

40
Q

Zona reticularis (androgens)

A

influence secondary sex

characteristics

41
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

spherical cells called chromaffin cells (target of
sympathetic neurons)

-release EPI and NE

42
Q

Epi cells

A

smaller with granules less electron

dense than norepinephrine cells

43
Q

NE cells

A

larger with granule more electron

dense

44
Q

Addison’s disease

A

hyposecretory disorder
usually in both glucocorticoids and
mineralocorticoids.

45
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

-due to hypersecretion of
glucocorticoids because of either an ACTH-
secreting pituitary tumor or a tumor in adrenal cortex

“buffalo hump and moon face”

46
Q

pancreatic blood supply

A

dual blood supply

1) insuloacinar portal system
2) acinar vascular system

Endo Repro Test 1 (3 decks)

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