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Nuti 205 > Histology Of Digestive System > Flashcards

Histology Of Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Names of the 3 salivary glands

A

Sublingual, submandibular, parotid

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2
Q

2 enzymes secreted by salivary glands and their functions

A

Salivary amylase - breaks down complex carbs into simpler ones
Lingual lipase - breaks down lipids

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3
Q

What is chewed up food in mouth called?

A

Bolus

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4
Q

Name the 4 parts of the stomach

A

cardia / fundus / (body-antrum) / pylorus

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5
Q

Pulpy fluid mix created by mixing and partial digestion

A

Chyme

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6
Q

Layers of muscularis external in stomach

A

Normally there are 2, but in stomach there are 3; outer longitudinal, middle circular and inner oblique layers

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7
Q

Serosa of stomach is continuous with ____ peritoneum via ____, continuous with ____ peritoneum via ____.

A

Parietal → greater omentum
Visceral→ lesser omentum

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8
Q

What is z-line?

A

Esophagastric junction (abrupt charge into gastric lining)

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9
Q

esophagitis is closely related to…

A

Barrett’s Syndrome

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10
Q

Other name of gastric pits

A

Fovaolae

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11
Q

Epithelium changes from ____ in esophagus to____ in stomach

A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous/ Simple columnar

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12
Q

Plexus in submucosa vs muscularis layers

A

Submucosa: Meissner’s
Muscularis: Auerbach
(both make up the enteric nervous system)

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13
Q

Name the sphincters

A

•Pharyngoesophageal (upper eso)
•Lower esophageal (pressure difference between eso&stomach)
•Pyloric (gastroduodenal)
• Illeocecal
• Internal anal

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14
Q

Esophagus’s relationship with serosa

A

Esophagus lacks serosa but has a thick layer of adventitia, thus not suspended via peritoneum but directly bound by neighboring structures

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15
Q

Innovations of esophagus?

A

Superior 1/3 (striated muscle): somatic motor neurons of vagus
Inferior 1/3 (smooth muscle): visceral motor neurons of vagus

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16
Q

Describe esophageal glands proper

A

Small, compound, tubuloalveolar; concentrated at upper half.
(Lower half has eso- cardiac glands secreting neutral mucus )

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17
Q

Longitudinal folds at inner surface of stomach are called

A

Rugae

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18
Q

Gastric pits lead to…

A

Long, branched, tubular glands

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19
Q
  • line the lumen and gastric pits
A

*: surface mucous cells

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20
Q

Name 4 types of glands found in fundic region of stomach

A

• mucous neck cells
• Parietal cells
• Chief cells
• Enteroendocrine cells

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21
Q

Large apical cups of surface mucous cells appear empty in he staining because mucinogen granules are lost, but can be seen in…

A

Toluidine blue and PAS staining

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22
Q

Surface mucous cells secrete…

A

Prostoglandins (pge2) which stimulate secretion of bicarbonates (which makes the mucus alkaline)
+vasodilation ( to supply nutrients to damaged areas of mucousa )

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23
Q

What can fundic mucosa be stained with?

A

Alcian blue and pas

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24
Q

Why drugs like misoprostol to strengthen stomach lining are given?

A

Substances like alcohol, aspirin and NSAIDs enter the Lamina propria by damaging surface epithelium and suppressing production of pge2s

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25
Q

Isthmus between gastric pit and glands is a site of ____

A

Stem cells (either migrate up or down)

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26
Q

Large triangular cells with spherical nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm secrete…

A

HCl and intrinsic factor (used by the intestines to absorb B12)

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27
Q

HCl is produced in ___ of parietal (oxyntic) cells

A

Lumen of the intracellular canaliculi
(Also, there are numerous microvilli, mitochondria and a tubulovesicular membrane system at the surface and adjacent to the canaliculi, respectively)

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28
Q

How does the amount and the state of microvilli and the tubulovesiculer system change in parietal cells while they’re actively secreting?

A

Microvilli increases
Tv system is reduced

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29
Q

Name the 3 types of membrane receptors for activation of HCl secretion in parietal cells

A

Gastrin
Histamine H2
Muscarinic M3
receptors

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30
Q

HCl pathway in parietal cells

A

Gastrin - simulation - h ions produced in cytoplasm by carbonic anhydrase - H transported to lumen of canaliculi by H/K ATPase proton pump - K and Cl ions transported by uniporter channels - Formation

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31
Q

Basophilic cells located in deeper part of fundic region secrete…

A

Pepsinogen (pepsin precursor [contact with gastric juice converts it]) and a weak lipase.

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32
Q

Chief (zymogenic) cells have abundant ___ in basal cytoplasm (which also has ____ receptors); and _____ in apical cytoplasm

A

rER / acetylcholine / eosinophilic zymogen granules

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33
Q

How do the secretions of mucous neck cells (which are alongside parietal cells at the neck, and are shorter than surface mucous cells, although lacking a mucus cup and have spherical nuclei) differ?

A

A soluble (instead of cloudy) mucus is secreted and the release of mucinogen granules is induced by vagal stimulation, therefore secretions do not occur in the resting stomach.

34
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

A

Gastin (G is for gastrin babes) (also make the following connection: gastrin used by gastrin receptors in parietal cells [HCl pathway] and pepsinogen by chief cells require HCl for turning into pepsin aaand surface mucus cells secrete bicarbonate via prostogalndins to protect esophagus and lining from chemical damage by cloudy\alkaline secretions…they’re all connected luv)

35
Q

What is the difference between the two types of enteroendocrine (G) cells?

A

closed cells: small, do not always reach lumen
open cells: has microvilli and serve as chemoreceptors that sample the lumen and release hormones

36
Q

A member of DNES (diffuse neuroendocrine system) and APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation), enteroendocrine cells are also known as…

A

argentaffin, argyrophil, enterochromaffin (bc of treatment with salts of silver and chromium)

37
Q

Other than gastrin, argyrophil cells secrete…

A

somatostatin (all through fundus to colon), motilin (duodenum-jejenum), ghrelin (fundus), GIP (duodenum-jejenum), VIP (fundus-colon), secretin (duodenum to a bit of ileum), CCK (same as secretin), gastrin (a bit from fundus but mainlu antrum to a bit of jejenum)

38
Q

How much the cells of the gastric glands produce gastric juice a day?

A

About 2L

39
Q

What are the 4 components of gastric juice aside from water and electrolytes?

A

HCl : for low (1-2) pH + bacteriostatic effect (although helicobacter pylori (cause of peptic ulcers, nausea and stomachburn) is a pain in the ass and contain large amounts of urease to produce an ammonia cloud and survive in acidic environments)

Pepsin: hydorlyzes proteins into small peptides

Mucus: acid protective coating (chemical and physical barrier against burning and abrasions)

Intrinsic factor: vitamin B12 absorption in distal parts of ileum (its lack causes pernicious anemia)

40
Q

Describe cardiac glands

A

Coiled tubular, protects esophageal epithelium against gastric reflux. interspersed enteroendocrine glands.

41
Q

Describe pyloric glands

A

branched coiled tubular glands with relatively wide lumens located in pyloric antrum and empty into deep gastric pits. interspersed enteroendocrine and occasional parietal cells)

42
Q

What structures do the 4 degrees of folding of small intestine result in?

A

1st fold: Plica (evagination of mucosa and part of submucosa)

2nd fold: Villus (evagination of mucosa only)

3rd fold: Crypts of Lirberkühn (incagination of mucosa)

4th fold: Microvilli (evagination of apical domain of enterocyte)

43
Q

The other name of “valves of kerckring”

A

Plicae circulares

44
Q

Difference between directional placement of rugae and circular folds?

A

Rugae are longitudinal whilst circular folds are transverse

45
Q

Which structure provides the major amplification of the luminal space?

A

Microvilli of enterocytes (each cell has thousand and gives the cell a striated appearance)

46
Q

Villi has ____-____ lympathic capillary

A

Blind - ending

47
Q

Define lacteal

A

The lympathic vessels of small intestine which absorb digested fats

48
Q

Type of epithelium on mucosa of small intestine

A

Simple columnar (does it also count as ciliated?)

49
Q

Crypts of lieberkühn are ___ ___ structures

A

Simple tubular (extending from muscularis mucosa and open at base of villi)

50
Q

GALT and lymphatic nodules are large and numerous in…

A

Ileum (Peyer’s patches)

51
Q

Intestinal stem cells (isc) are located in…

A

Base of intestinal crypts (glands of lieberkühn)

52
Q

What is the primary function of enterocytes?

A

Absorption.

P.S. Enterocytes are tall columnar cells with basal nucleus and (apical) microvilli [striated border]

53
Q

Goblet cells are…

A

Unicellular mucin secreting glands

54
Q

Paneth cells…

A

Maintain mucosal innate immunity by secreting antimicrobial substances

55
Q

Tuft cells…

A

Are a small population and initiate responses to parasitic infections

56
Q

Enteroendocrine cells (of intestines)…

A

Produce paracrine and endocrine hormones.

Paracrine: a hormone only having effect on vicinity of gland secreting it
Endocrine: hormone directly into bloodstream

57
Q

M (microfold) cells are…

A

Modified enterocytes that cover enlarged lympathic nodules and Peyer’s patches in lamina propria, that has microfolds rather than microvilli and are antigen-transporting cells

58
Q

What is in the were of a microvilli?

A

Vertically oriented actin microfilaments

59
Q

Tight junctions between enterocytes allow * of absorbed substances

A

*: selective retention

P.S. Active transport systems like sodium potassium ATPase are located on basolateral membrane

60
Q

What is the enzyme that activates pancreatic zymogens?

A

Trypsin

61
Q

What converts trypsinoger into trypsin?

A

Enterokinase (located in the glycocalyx of microvilli of enterocytes)

62
Q

From duodenum to terminal ileum, the # of goblet cells…

A

Increase

63
Q

Goblet cells has/lack microvilli?

A

Lack (microvilli are restricted t a thin portion - mucinogen granules are accumulated in apical cytoplasm) (wide apical, narrow basal - with free ribosomes and mitochondria)

64
Q

Enteroendocrine cells are important for ____-__-___ axis

A

brain-gut-adipose

65
Q

What is intensely acidophilic & has secretory vesicles containing lysozyme + defensins?

A

Paneth Cells

66
Q

GALT are prominent in ____ and release ____.

A

Lamina propria / IgA

67
Q

Name some of the defense mechanisms of mucosal surface of the intestines

A

Goblet cells, m cells, paneth cells, tight junctions, peyer’s patches and lgA

68
Q

What could be found between the dense connective tissue of submucosa in the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands (branched, tubular glands which secrete zymogen and mucus [secretions with neutral and alkaline glycoproteins and bicarbonate ions] —> provides optimal pH for the pancreatic enzymes!)

69
Q

What are the 2 types of muscularis externa contractions?

A

1) segmentation (circular layer - mixes the chyme)
2) peristalsis (both circular and longitudinal - moves the intestinal contents distally)

70
Q

Compare the shape of duodenum, jejenum and ileum’s villi and the name their glands

A

duodenum: leaf-like (Brunner’s)

jejenum: long finger-like

ileum: short finger-like (M cells and Peyer’s patches)

71
Q

Explain the effects of Celiac disease in regards to intestinal villi

A

The immune reaction against Celiac disease causes the shortening of villi, which then leads to improper absorption and diarrhea

72
Q

Name the parts of the large intestine

A

Cecum (+ its projecting vermiform appendix), colon ( 4= ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum and anal canal

73
Q

What are the distinctive external features of the large intestine

A

Teniae coli, Haustra coli, omental appendices

74
Q

Which parts are teniae coLi not present?

A

Rectum, anal canal and appendix

75
Q

What are omental appendices?

A

Small, fatty projections of serosa on outer surface of colon

76
Q

Sacculations between teniae coli on external surface of colon and cecum are called…

A

Haustra coli

77
Q

Mucosal epithelium of large intestine has ____ _ ______ but lacks ____ and _____.

A

Crypts of Lirberkühn / (no) plicae circulares / (nor) villi

78
Q

Large intestines has simple columnar epithelium that contains … among itself.

A

enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, stem cells and tuft cells

79
Q

Number of goblet cells in large intestine increase near *

A

Rectum

80
Q

Glycocalyx at large intestine has no *

A

Digestive enzymes

Nuti 205 (1 decks)

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