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Neurology Histology > Histology of Brain and cerebellum > Flashcards

Histology of Brain and cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cerebral hemispheres consist of

A

Cerebral cortex , basal ganglia and hippocampus

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2
Q

What is the key structure involved in language , perception and coordination

A

the Cerebrum

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3
Q

What is the telencephalon

A

The cerebrum ( cortex + basal ganglia )

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4
Q

What consists of the diencephalon and where is it

A

Thalamus , hypothalamus , third ventricle

located deep within white matter of brain

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5
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A

Outer top layer of the Brian.

Convulted appearance of gyri and sulci’s ( furrows ) to increase surface area

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6
Q

What does the brain stem consist of

A

Medulla , Pons , Midbrain

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7
Q

The grey matter on the outside of Brian is the ?

A

Cortex

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8
Q

The grey matter subcortical responds to ?

A

Basal ganglia ( nuclei )

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9
Q

What makes up the basal nuclei

A

1- Caudate
2- putamen
3- globes pallidus
4- sub-thalamic nucleus

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10
Q

What is the most inferior part of the Brian

A

Brain stem

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11
Q

What lies inferiorly from the medulla oblongata

A

Spinal cord

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12
Q

Till what vertebral level does the spinal cord extend to

A

L1 / L2

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13
Q

What are the types of cortex in the cerebral cortex

A

1- Neocortex : 90% of cortical area
- 6 layered structure
2- Paleocortex : associated with olfactory bulbs & sense of smell
- 3-5 layers
3- Archicortex : cingulate gyrus , hippocampus , amygdala
- 3-4 layers

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14
Q

What cortex is responsible for perception and conscious understanding of all sensation. Advanced intellectual function and emotions.

A

Neocortex

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15
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of

A

Almost no CT tissue = soft , Gell like organ

Grey matter ( cortex ) : makes up sulk and gyri 
 - contains neuronal cell bodies , dendrites , unmyelinated portions of axons and neuroglial cells

White matter :
- myelinated nerve fibres

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16
Q

What makes up 40 % of brain matter

A

Grey matter of cerebrum

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17
Q

The cerebral cortex is the grey or white matter of the cerebrum ?

A

Grey matter

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18
Q

Where is the highest concentration of neuronal bodies

A

Cerebellum

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19
Q

The grey matter continues to develop until human is what age

A

In their 20s

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the white matter of the cerebrum

A

Takes processed information from the grey matter and into its myelinated axons . Connects various areas of grey matter together

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21
Q

How does the white matter connect grey matter ears together

A

Through vertical projections that go from the grey matter , through the white matter and to subcortical targets like the thalamus , spinal cord or Brian stem.

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22
Q

What connects both hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

The commissural fibres through the corpus callousm

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23
Q

What are the association fibres of the white matter of the cerebrum

A

Intrahemispheric connections , that within one hemisphere connect regions to each other

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24
Q

What are the cell types of the cerebral cortex

A 
1- Stellate 
2- Cells of Martinotti 
3- Fusiform cells 
4- Horizontal cells of cajal 
5- Pyramidal cells
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25
Q

Explain stellate cells

A

Cells in the cerebral cortex.

Principal interneurons of the cortex and therefore have short axons since the axons don’t leave the cortex

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26
Q

Explain cells of Martinotti

A

Cells in the cerebral cortex.
Axon extends upwards towards surface of cortex then bifurcates to run horizontally in the superficial layers of cortex. Forms synapse with adjacent pyramidal cells

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27
Q

Explain Fusiform cells

A

Cells in the cerebral cortex.
In deepest layers of cortex. axons towards deeper layer and dendrites project to cortical surface. Can be commissural , association or projection fibres

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28
Q

Explain Horizontal cells of cajal

A

Cells in the cerebral cortex.
Oriented parallel to cortical surface. least common, only found in most superficial layers. axons pass laterally to synapse with pyramidal cells.
Functionally important during development and then disappear after birth. rarely found in adults

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29
Q

Explain pyramidal cells

A

Cells in the cerebral cortex..
Triangular cells. dendrites extend to cortical surface. Axon arises from base of cell. Huge amount of dendrites and are modified as result of learning. Long enough axons to leave cortex. Principal output efferent fibres and output neurons of cerebral cortex. Make up 70% of neurons in cortex.

30
Q

What is a BETZ cell

A

largest pyramidal cell

31
Q

What is the largest cell in the grey matter

A

BETZ pyramidal cell

32
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral cortex ( grey matter )

A

1- Molecular/ plexiform layer ( superficial ) : highly synaptic layer between diff cells
2- external/ outer granular layer : dense population of pyramidal and stellate cells
3- External pyramidal cell layer : pyramidal cells + some martinotti cells
4- Internal / inner granular layer : thin Layer with stellate cells
5- Internal pyramidal / ganglionic layer : large pyramidal cells
6- multiform cell layer ( deepest ) : mix of cell type, sends axons to other cortical and subcortical

33
Q

Is the primary sensory area thicker or thinner than the motor cortex

A

much thinner

34
Q

Which layer of the cerebral cortex is well developed in the motor cortex

A

Layer 5 internal pyramidal : large pyramidal cells

granular layers less developed

35
Q

Layers 1-3 of the cerebral cortex ( the granular ones ) are responsible for what

A

Receiving afferent fibres form opposite hemisphere and Brians ten

36
Q

Layers 4-6 of the cerebral cortex are responsible for what

A

Connect the cortex with the subcortical layers. efferent fibres passing to white matter

37
Q

What are the type of neuroglial cells in the cortex and what is their purpose

A

Modulate rate of nerve signal propagation, synaptic activity and uptake of neurotransmitters.

1- Astrocytes: recycle neurotransmitter, dictate and moderate number of synapses
2- Oligodendroglial cells : forming myelin sheaths
3- microglial cells : immune effector cells of CNS
4- Ependymal cells : line ventricles of Brian and central canal of Sc to produce CSF

38
Q

Which neurological cells are important in blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

39
Q

Where is the cerebellum located

A

Lies under the occipital and temporal lobes of cerebral hemispheres.
Dorsal to pons and medulla

40
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of

A

Two hemispheres
Outer grey cortex and inner branched core of white matter.
in white matter are 4 central nuclei of grey matter.

41
Q

All afferent and efferent pathways of cerebellum pass through ?

A

Cerebella peduncles

42
Q

The cerebrum is connect to what and how

A

Each hemisphere is connected to brainstem by 3 cerebellar peduncles

43
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum

A

Contribute to motor function. Control muscle coordination , balance, posture and motor learning. Compares what you thought we though we would do ( form motor cortex ) to what is actually happening in limbs ( proprioception feedback )

44
Q

What are the Folia

A

The leaflike gyri of the cerebellar cortex

45
Q

What are the 4 cerebellar nuclei

A

Vestigial nucleus , emboliform nucleus, globus nucleus , dentate nucleus

46
Q

What are the layers of the cerebellum

A

1- outer molecular layer : axons, dendrites and unmyelinated fibres
2- Central layer of large Purkinje cells : monolayer of large neuron purkinje cells
3- Inner granule layer

47
Q

What are the key cell types of the cerebellar cortex

A 
1- Stellate 
2- Purkinje cells 
3- Basket 
4- Golgi 
5- Unipolar brush cell
48
Q

What feature is unique to purkinje cells

A

Large intricate flat dendritic trees

49
Q

What is the role of Purkinje cells

A

Integrate signals synapsed to it. Integrates and then learns by remodelling its dendrites

50
Q

What are the only cells of the cerebellar cortex that send info to outside

A

Purkinje cells

51
Q

What does the spinal cord consist of

A

Outer : white matter
Inner : grey matter

Central canal filled with CSF surrounded by ependymal cells

4 columns of grey matter 
1- dorsal horn ( posterior )
2- intermediate column 
3- lateral horn 
4- ventral horn column ( anterior )
52
Q

Nerve cells in the grey matter of the Spinal cord is what ?

A

Multipolar

53
Q

What does the ventral horn consist of

A

Motor neurones projecting to periphery to innervate muscle for voluntary and involuntary movement

54
Q

What forms the spinal nerve

A

Dorsal and ventral roots

55
Q

What is the role of the intermediate column and later horn

A

Neurones that innervate visceral and pelvic organs

56
Q

The lateral horn is only found in

A

thoracic, upper lumbar and sacral regions

57
Q

What region of the spinal cord has a large amount of white matter

A

Cervical regions due to many axons going up to the Brian from all levels to the SC and down form Brian to SC

58
Q

When in the spinal cord is the ventral horn enlarged

A

Cervical and Lumbo-saccral region.

Cervical : contain motor neurons for arms
Lumbo-saccral: motor neurones for the legs

59
Q

What are the groups of nuclei of the anterior grey horn

A

1- Lateral
2- Central
3- Medial

60
Q

Where is the marginal zone located

A

Tip of dorsal horn : important pain and temperature sensations to Brian

61
Q

Where is the substantia gelatinous located

A

Top of dorsal horn : for pain , temperature and light touch sensations to Brian

62
Q

Where is the nucleus propirious

A

Neck fo dorsal horn : mechanical and temperature sensation to brain

63
Q

Which nuclei is only found in spinal segments C8 to L3 and send info to cerebellum

A

Dorsal nucleus of Clarke: unconscious proprioception signals form muscle spindles and Golgi tendon to cerebellum

64
Q

Where is the intermediolateral nucleus located

A

Intermediate column and lateral horn ( zone between dorsal and and anterior horn ). Form C8 to L3. relays sensory info from viscera to Brian

65
Q

Where is the lower motor neuron nuclei located spinal cord

A

In the ventral horn , split into lateral , central and medial.

66
Q

The spinal cord could be organized into nuclei or ?

A

Laminae ( 10 layers )

67
Q

What does the white matter fo the spinal cord consist of

A

Contains ascending and descending pathways connecting brain and spinal cord.
Ascending : sensory input up to Brian
Descending : motor commands from the brain

68
Q

What is the white matter of SC divided into

A

1- Posterior column : between two dorsal horns of grey matter
2- Lateral column : between dorsal and ventral horn
3- anterior column : between ventral horns

69
Q

The descending tracts are only found in which divisions of the SC white matter

A

Only in lateral and anterior columns

70
Q

All the neurons in the descending motor neurons are UMN or LMN

A

UMN

Neurology Histology (1 decks)

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