Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurology Histology > Histology of Brain and cerebellum > Flashcards

Histology of Brain and cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cerebral hemispheres consist of

A

Cerebral cortex , basal ganglia and hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the key structure involved in language , perception and coordination

A

the Cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the telencephalon

A

The cerebrum ( cortex + basal ganglia )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What consists of the diencephalon and where is it

A

Thalamus , hypothalamus , third ventricle

located deep within white matter of brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the cerebral cortex

A

Outer top layer of the Brian.

Convulted appearance of gyri and sulci’s ( furrows ) to increase surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the brain stem consist of

A

Medulla , Pons , Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The grey matter on the outside of Brian is the ?

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The grey matter subcortical responds to ?

A

Basal ganglia ( nuclei )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What makes up the basal nuclei

A

1- Caudate
2- putamen
3- globes pallidus
4- sub-thalamic nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most inferior part of the Brian

A

Brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What lies inferiorly from the medulla oblongata

A

Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Till what vertebral level does the spinal cord extend to

A

L1 / L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the types of cortex in the cerebral cortex

A

1- Neocortex : 90% of cortical area
- 6 layered structure
2- Paleocortex : associated with olfactory bulbs & sense of smell
- 3-5 layers
3- Archicortex : cingulate gyrus , hippocampus , amygdala
- 3-4 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What cortex is responsible for perception and conscious understanding of all sensation. Advanced intellectual function and emotions.

A

Neocortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the cerebrum consist of

A

Almost no CT tissue = soft , Gell like organ

Grey matter ( cortex ) : makes up sulk and gyri 
 - contains neuronal cell bodies , dendrites , unmyelinated portions of axons and neuroglial cells

White matter :
- myelinated nerve fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What makes up 40 % of brain matter

A

Grey matter of cerebrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The cerebral cortex is the grey or white matter of the cerebrum ?

A

Grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is the highest concentration of neuronal bodies

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The grey matter continues to develop until human is what age

A

In their 20s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the purpose of the white matter of the cerebrum

A

Takes processed information from the grey matter and into its myelinated axons . Connects various areas of grey matter together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the white matter connect grey matter ears together

A

Through vertical projections that go from the grey matter , through the white matter and to subcortical targets like the thalamus , spinal cord or Brian stem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What connects both hemispheres of the cerebrum

A

The commissural fibres through the corpus callousm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the association fibres of the white matter of the cerebrum

A

Intrahemispheric connections , that within one hemisphere connect regions to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the cell types of the cerebral cortex

A 
1- Stellate 
2- Cells of Martinotti 
3- Fusiform cells 
4- Horizontal cells of cajal 
5- Pyramidal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Explain stellate cells
Cells in the cerebral cortex. | Principal interneurons of the cortex and therefore have short axons since the axons don't leave the cortex
26
Explain cells of Martinotti
Cells in the cerebral cortex. Axon extends upwards towards surface of cortex then bifurcates to run horizontally in the superficial layers of cortex. Forms synapse with adjacent pyramidal cells
27
Explain Fusiform cells
Cells in the cerebral cortex. In deepest layers of cortex. axons towards deeper layer and dendrites project to cortical surface. Can be commissural , association or projection fibres
28
Explain Horizontal cells of cajal
Cells in the cerebral cortex. Oriented parallel to cortical surface. least common, only found in most superficial layers. axons pass laterally to synapse with pyramidal cells. Functionally important during development and then disappear after birth. rarely found in adults
29
Explain pyramidal cells
Cells in the cerebral cortex.. Triangular cells. dendrites extend to cortical surface. Axon arises from base of cell. Huge amount of dendrites and are modified as result of learning. Long enough axons to leave cortex. Principal output efferent fibres and output neurons of cerebral cortex. Make up 70% of neurons in cortex.
30
What is a BETZ cell
largest pyramidal cell
31
What is the largest cell in the grey matter
BETZ pyramidal cell
32
What are the layers of the cerebral cortex ( grey matter )
1- Molecular/ plexiform layer ( superficial ) : highly synaptic layer between diff cells 2- external/ outer granular layer : dense population of pyramidal and stellate cells 3- External pyramidal cell layer : pyramidal cells + some martinotti cells 4- Internal / inner granular layer : thin Layer with stellate cells 5- Internal pyramidal / ganglionic layer : large pyramidal cells 6- multiform cell layer ( deepest ) : mix of cell type, sends axons to other cortical and subcortical
33
Is the primary sensory area thicker or thinner than the motor cortex
much thinner
34
Which layer of the cerebral cortex is well developed in the motor cortex
Layer 5 internal pyramidal : large pyramidal cells granular layers less developed
35
Layers 1-3 of the cerebral cortex ( the granular ones ) are responsible for what
Receiving afferent fibres form opposite hemisphere and Brians ten
36
Layers 4-6 of the cerebral cortex are responsible for what
Connect the cortex with the subcortical layers. efferent fibres passing to white matter
37
What are the type of neuroglial cells in the cortex and what is their purpose
Modulate rate of nerve signal propagation, synaptic activity and uptake of neurotransmitters. 1- Astrocytes: recycle neurotransmitter, dictate and moderate number of synapses 2- Oligodendroglial cells : forming myelin sheaths 3- microglial cells : immune effector cells of CNS 4- Ependymal cells : line ventricles of Brian and central canal of Sc to produce CSF
38
Which neurological cells are important in blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
39
Where is the cerebellum located
Lies under the occipital and temporal lobes of cerebral hemispheres. Dorsal to pons and medulla
40
What does the cerebrum consist of
Two hemispheres Outer grey cortex and inner branched core of white matter. in white matter are 4 central nuclei of grey matter.
41
All afferent and efferent pathways of cerebellum pass through ?
Cerebella peduncles
42
The cerebrum is connect to what and how
Each hemisphere is connected to brainstem by 3 cerebellar peduncles
43
What is the role of the cerebellum
Contribute to motor function. Control muscle coordination , balance, posture and motor learning. Compares what you thought we though we would do ( form motor cortex ) to what is actually happening in limbs ( proprioception feedback )
44
What are the Folia
The leaflike gyri of the cerebellar cortex
45
What are the 4 cerebellar nuclei
Vestigial nucleus , emboliform nucleus, globus nucleus , dentate nucleus
46
What are the layers of the cerebellum
1- outer molecular layer : axons, dendrites and unmyelinated fibres 2- Central layer of large Purkinje cells : monolayer of large neuron purkinje cells 3- Inner granule layer
47
What are the key cell types of the cerebellar cortex
``` 1- Stellate 2- Purkinje cells 3- Basket 4- Golgi 5- Unipolar brush cell ```
48
What feature is unique to purkinje cells
Large intricate flat dendritic trees
49
What is the role of Purkinje cells
Integrate signals synapsed to it. Integrates and then learns by remodelling its dendrites
50
What are the only cells of the cerebellar cortex that send info to outside
Purkinje cells
51
What does the spinal cord consist of
Outer : white matter Inner : grey matter Central canal filled with CSF surrounded by ependymal cells ``` 4 columns of grey matter 1- dorsal horn ( posterior ) 2- intermediate column 3- lateral horn 4- ventral horn column ( anterior ) ```
52
Nerve cells in the grey matter of the Spinal cord is what ?
Multipolar
53
What does the ventral horn consist of
Motor neurones projecting to periphery to innervate muscle for voluntary and involuntary movement
54
What forms the spinal nerve
Dorsal and ventral roots
55
What is the role of the intermediate column and later horn
Neurones that innervate visceral and pelvic organs
56
The lateral horn is only found in
thoracic, upper lumbar and sacral regions
57
What region of the spinal cord has a large amount of white matter
Cervical regions due to many axons going up to the Brian from all levels to the SC and down form Brian to SC
58
When in the spinal cord is the ventral horn enlarged
Cervical and Lumbo-saccral region. Cervical : contain motor neurons for arms Lumbo-saccral: motor neurones for the legs
59
What are the groups of nuclei of the anterior grey horn
1- Lateral 2- Central 3- Medial
60
Where is the marginal zone located
Tip of dorsal horn : important pain and temperature sensations to Brian
61
Where is the substantia gelatinous located
Top of dorsal horn : for pain , temperature and light touch sensations to Brian
62
Where is the nucleus propirious
Neck fo dorsal horn : mechanical and temperature sensation to brain
63
Which nuclei is only found in spinal segments C8 to L3 and send info to cerebellum
Dorsal nucleus of Clarke: unconscious proprioception signals form muscle spindles and Golgi tendon to cerebellum
64
Where is the intermediolateral nucleus located
Intermediate column and lateral horn ( zone between dorsal and and anterior horn ). Form C8 to L3. relays sensory info from viscera to Brian
65
Where is the lower motor neuron nuclei located spinal cord
In the ventral horn , split into lateral , central and medial.
66
The spinal cord could be organized into nuclei or ?
Laminae ( 10 layers )
67
What does the white matter fo the spinal cord consist of
Contains ascending and descending pathways connecting brain and spinal cord. Ascending : sensory input up to Brian Descending : motor commands from the brain
68
What is the white matter of SC divided into
1- Posterior column : between two dorsal horns of grey matter 2- Lateral column : between dorsal and ventral horn 3- anterior column : between ventral horns
69
The descending tracts are only found in which divisions of the SC white matter
Only in lateral and anterior columns
70
All the neurons in the descending motor neurons are UMN or LMN
UMN

Neurology Histology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions