Histology of Blood and Bone Marrow Flashcards
1
Q
Blood = __% Plasma + __% Formed elements
A
55% plasma and 45% formed elements
2
Q
% Ratio of formed elements (primarily RBC) to the total blood volume
A
Hematocrit, usually at 45%
3
Q
Components of formed elements
A
Erythrocytes (44% of volume)
Platelets
Leukocytes (Granulocytes & Agranulocytes)
4
Q
What are the agranulocytes?
A
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
5
Q
What are the granulocytes?
A
(BEN)
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
6
Q
Process of peripheral blood extraction:
A
Venipuncture
7
Q
Vein usually used in venipuncture:
A
Antecubital vein / Median cubital vein
8
Q
Usual stains for blood smears:
A
Wright and Giemsa stain
9
Q
In Wright or Giemsa stain, it is used to stain cytoplasmic granules with charged protein and proteoglycans (exhibits metachromasia):
A
Azurophilic dyes
10
Q
Wright or Giemsa stain is a polychromatic _________-type staining technique applied on a blood smear
A
Romanowsky-type
11
Q
Dyes used in Wright or Giemsa stain?
A
Eosin
Methylene blue
Azurophilic dyes
12
Q
Usual size of RBCs
A
8 µm in diameter, 2 µm thick
13
Q
Characteristics of RBCs
A
Enucleated, biconcave disk, central pale area
14
Q
What does methylene blue stain?
A
DNA in nuclei; RNA in cytoplasm
15
Q
What does Azure stain?
A
Lysosomes and other granules
16
Q
What does Eosin stain?
A
Hemoglobin
17
Q
Usual site of bone marrow sample:
A
Pelvis
18
Q
Biconcavity of RBCs enhance surface area by how many percent?
A
20-30%
19
Q
Integral membrane proteins of RBCs
A
Glycophorin and Band 3 (anion Cl-HCO3 transporter)
20
Q
Peripheral membrane proteins of RBCs
A
Actin - connects ends of spectrin
Spectrin - long filaments forming a network (backbone); provides flexibility
Ankyrin - connects actin-spectrin complex to integral membrane proteins
21
Q
Which organs degrade RBCs?
A
Spleen and liver
22
Q
Condition where there is a defect in spectrin resulting to RBCs that burst too easily, causing anemia. Central pale areas disappear and shape becomes spherical instead of biconcave.
A
Hereditary spherocytosis
23
Q
Which blood type is the universal donor?
A
Blood type O
24
Q
What antigens does blood type O have?
A
None
25
What antibodies does blood type O have?
Anti-A and Anti-B
26
What blood type is the universal recipient? What antigens and antibodies does it have?
Blood type AB
Antigens: Antigen A and Antigen B
Antibodies: None
27
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
28
When does Rh incompatibility (Erythroblastosis Fetalis) occur?
2nd Rh + child of an Rh- mother
29
Describe the protein structure of a hemoglobin
Has 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. Each chain contains 1 heme group and 1 Iron molecule.
30
Most common type of anemia in the Philippines
Iron deficiency anemia
31
What results to a substitution of a glutamic acid to valine in a hemoglobin's beta chain?
Sickle cell anemia
32
Also known as thrombocytes
Platelets
33
Similarities and difference between platelets and RBCs
Platelets and RBCs are both enucleated
Platelet = Biconvex ; RBC = Biconcave
Platelet = Granular ; RBC = Agranular
Platelet = Buds off as enucleated cells from the cytoplasmic processes of megakaryocytes ; RBC = produced nucleated in the bone marrow then lose nucleus upon maturity
34
What are the two components of a platelet's cytoplasm?
1. Central granulomere (thicker)
| 2. Peripheral granulomere (thin)
35
What comprises the central granulomere?
Granules, Mitochondria, Glycogen
36
What comprises the peripheral granulomere?
Actin, Myosin, Microtubule ring, Open canalicular system, Dense tubular system
37
What maintains the biconvex shape of platelets?
Microtubule ring
38
Part of platelet that brings granular contents to the blood plasma and facilitate uptake of factors from plasma
Open canalicular system
39
Part of platelet that is the intracellular store of calcium which is released into platelet cytosol following signaling
Dense tubular system
40
What are the 2 types of platelet granules and their components?
1. Alpha granules (more numerous)
- platelet-derived growth factor
- platelet factor IV
- Von Willebrand factor and thrombospondin
2. Dense granules
- ADP, ATP
- Calcium
- Serotonin
41
For fibroblast proliferation/repair
Platelet-derived growth factor
42
Counteracts heparin (naturally occurring anticoagulant) for clotting to occur
Platelet factor IV
43
For adhesion of platelets to one another and to the walls of blood vessels
Von Willebrand Factor and Thrombospondin
44
Used for vasoconstriction to minimize extravasation of blood, first response in blood clot formation
Serotonin
45
What are the four phases of hemostasis (clot formation)?
1. Vascular (Serotonin = spasm and vasoconstriction)
2. Platelet aggregation adhesion (Thromboxane A2 = platelet plug)
3. Clotting (clotting factors = fibrin mesh / secondary plug)
4. Fibrinolysis (Plasmin = dissolves clot and enable blood flow)
46
Group of leukocytes with lobulated nuclei (at least 2 lobes) and contain specific granules and non-specific granules
Granulocytes (Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils)
47
Produces heparin and histamine
Basophils
48
Releases cationic proteins and neurotoxins against parasites. They are also active in hypersensitive allergic reaction (anaphylaxis)
Eosinophils
49
Releases collagenase and alkaphosphatases against bacterial infection
Neutrophils
50
Example of a non-specific granule
Lysozyme
51
Group of leukocytes with indented / non-lobulated nucleus and non-specific granules
Agranulocytes (Monocytes, Lymphocytes)
52
WBC Differential Count
```
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils (50-70%)
Lymphocytes (20-40%)
Monocytes (2-8%)
Eosinophils (1-4%)
Basophils (0.5-1%)
```
53
Leukocytes that are polymorphonuclears (PMNs) that have multi-lobed nucleus. They are highly mobile and phagocytic to fight bacteria.
Neutrophil
54
Chemical secreted by neutrophil to recruit more of its kind
Chemokine
55
Which cytoplasmic granule of neutrophils contains lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase, alkaphosphatase?
Specific Granules
56
Which cytoplasmic granule of neutrophils contains lysozome, peroxidase, B-glucoronidase acid, phosphatase, myeloperoxidase (acid hydrolase), defensin (cationic protein)?
Non-specific Ganules
57
Indicator of maturity in neutrophils?
Glycogen abundance (for anaerobic glycolysis)
58
What event leads to the loss of organelles in neutrophils?
Respiratory burst (formation of free oxygen radicals for antibacterial action)
59
Large, bright pink-red specific granules make this leukocyte distinct. it has a bi-lobed nucleus (mostly obscured by granules). It's abundant in the respiratory and digestive tracts. It functions as a defense against parasites and damage control in allergic reactions (degrades histamine and leukotriene). It also maintains chronic inflammation.
Eosinophils
60
Specific granules of eosinophils contain:
Anti-parasitic proteins: major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP). eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil peroxidases (EPO)
61
Smallest of all granulocytes. It is also the least abundant. It has no lysosomes and is not phagocytic. Mast cell counterpart in connective tissue because it mediates allergic responses.
Basophils
62
Specific granules of basophils contains:
Histamine (major mediator in allergy, promotes vasodilation), heparin (anticoagulant), leukotrienes (vasoconstriction in pulmonary airways)
63
Reason for metachromatic properties exhibited by the stain
Heparin
64
Smallest white blood cell. Most abundant agranulocyte. High nucleus : cytoplasm ratio. Most long-lived because it forms memory cells. Has no specific granules.
Lymphocytes
65
70% of the recirculating lymphocytes in the blood that functions for cellular immunity against intracellular pathogens. Formed in the bone marrow but matures in thymus.
T-lymphocytes
66
Formed and mature in bone marrow. It is for humoral immunity to neutralize pathogens in extracellular space not limited to microbes. Produces antibodies that induces lysis and phagocytosis by macrophages.
B-lymphocytes
67
Kills virus-infected and tumor cells
NK cells
68
Eccentric, pale staining, kidney/bean-shaped nucleus with pale-blue cytoplasm. When it migrates outside of the blood vessel, it metamorphoses into a macrophage.
Monocyte
69
An antigen-presenting cell that phagocytoses senescent cells/cellular debris in normal tissue.
Macrophage
70
What is the composition of plasma?
92% water
7% protein
1% others (gases, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones)
71
Plasma protein that maintains colloid osmotic pressure and for the transport of insoluble metabolites.
Albumin
72
Functions in transporting metal ions, protein-bound lipids, and lipid-soluble vitamins.
alpha and beta globulins
73
Antibodies for host defense are what type of plasma protein?
gamma globulins
74
Functions in the transport of triglycerides and cholesterol to and from the liver
Lipoproteins
75
What do you get when you add anticoagulants and centrifuge blood?
Plasma, RBCs, Buffy coat (WBCs, platelets)
76
What do you get when you allow blood to stand for 4 hours?
Serum (plasma + clotting factors), Coagulum
77
Process by which mature blood cells develop from precursor cells in bone marrow.
Hematopoiesis
78
Sites of hematopoiesis:
- Yolk sac (first trimester)
- liver and spleen (second trimester)
- bone marrow (third trimester)
79
Where can you find hematopoietic cells in the adult skeleton?
Axial skeleton
80
Marrow composition in adults
Yellow > Red
But yellow marrow can be converted to red marrow when there is blood loss
