Histology NBME Review Flashcards
The intercellular passage of ions from the luminal surface of the intestines to the lamina propria is prevented by the presence of …
Desmosomes Belt desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions Tight Junctions/Zonulae Occludens
Tight Junctions
Emphysema is characterized by overdistention & destruction of which of the following structures?
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Alveolar ducts
Aveolar ducts- duct that carries into alveoli
A diurnally secreted biogenic amine synthesized in pinealocytes is?
Dopamine Epinephrine norepinephrine Melatonin serotonin
Pinealocytes are in pineal glad -MELATONIN- induce sleepiness
In the renal cortex, the labyrinth of capillaries that carry resorbed glucose out of the kidney arises directly from? Afferent arterioles Arcuate arteries Capsular plexus Efferent arterioles Intralobular arteries
EFFERENT ARTERIOLES directly connects to capillaries
The proliferation of uterine endometrium depends on? Cortisol Estrogen Luteinizing hormone Progesterone Prolactin
Proliferation is the follicular phase which secretes ESTROGEN luteal phase is progesterone
Which of the following cell types are found exclusively in the basal compartment of seminiferous tubules? Primary spermatocytes Secondary spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatogonia Spermatozoa
SPERMATOGONIA are exclusively found in basal. The rest are found in luminal compartment
A suitable marker for determining that cells have differentiated into epidermal epithelial tissue is expression of? Desmin Keratin Vimentin Histone H variant
Epithelial tissue to do with intermediate filaments. KERATIN or cytokeratin
A patient ingests an overdose of barbiturates. Which of the following will show greatest increase in hepatocytes 2 days later? Centrioles Glycogen Golgi cisternae Lysosomes Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Processing of drugs happens in the liver by SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
During the final stage of secretory glycoprotein formation, before exocytosis, glycoproteins are found in the? Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum Cis golgic complex Trans golgi complex Lysosomes Polysomes in the cystosol TR
TRANS GOLGI COMPLEX
Nucleus-> RER -> Golgi complex -> plasma membrane
Modifications occur at the golgi complex. Cis phase, medial phase, trans phase (L-R as proteins go throguh golgi)
The synthesis of rRNA is associated most specifically with which of the following cell structures? Kinetochores Nucleus envelope Nucleolus Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum
NUCLEOLUS - Where ribosomal subunits initially are
They may give a drawn picture and ask to identify the are. Nucleoulus is the dense region in the center of the nucleus
Beating of cilia is mediated by? Dynein arms Microfilaments Nexin links Reversible assembly-disassembly of microtubules Triplet microtubule units
DYENIN ARMS- associated with microtubules
Cilia associated with epithelial cells in trachea (9+2 dyenin arms)
A 26-yr. old woman with irregular menstrual cycles undergoes diagnostic endometrial biopsy. Histologic examination of the specimen shows long straight endometrial glands with narrow lumens that are embedded in a thick stratum functionale of the endometrium. These changes are most considered with which of the following findings?
Decreasing serum estrogen concentration stimulation release if luteinizing hormone releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
Diminishes activity of granulosa lutein cells in the ovary
Increasing secretion of pituitary FSH correlated with decreasing secretion of pituitary luteinizing hormone
Presence of a primary oocyte still encoded within the cumulus oophorous undergoing maturation prior to ovulation
Rapidly increasing viscosity and pH of vaginal secretions
DIMINISHES ACTIVITY OF GRANULOSA LUTEIN CELLS IN THE OVARY
Associated with proliferative phase. Estrogen is increasing because of proliferation of granulosa cells along with FSH
The blood brain barrier excluded which of the following molecules from the brain parenchyma? Albumin Choline Estrogen glucose tyrosine
ALBUMIN- cannot pass because of size
A substance of low molecular weight is injected into a cell. A short time later, the substance can be identified in the injected cell and in an adjacent cell. There is also evidence that the two cells are electrically coupled. EM is most likely to disclose which of the following structural specializations between these 2 cells? Chemical synapses Desmosomes (maculae adherents) Gap junctions Tight junctions (zonulae occludentes)
GAP JUNCTIONS- or connexons-> connexin protein (transmembrane protein)
Fenestrated capillaries are found in which of the following sites? Central nervous system lung Muscle Thymus Thyroid gland
THYROID GLANDS
Blood barrier in CNS (blood brain), lung, muscle, thymus (blood thymic barrier)
Which of the following differentiates capillaries in the brain from those in the gut?
Absence of a basement membrane
Absence of endothelial cell membrane fenestrations
Absence of a saturable transport mechanism for glucose
Presence of multiple endothelial cell nuclei
Presence of valves in the lumen
ABSENCE OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL MEMBRANE FENESTRATIONS
Blood brain barrier in the brain so close contact with epithelial cells with continuous basal membrane
In contrast to extrafusal muscle fibers, infrafusal fibers contain? A bands Motor nerve endings Sarcolemma Satellite cells Stretch-sensitive nerve endings
STRETCH-SENSITIVE NERVE ENDINGS
Muscle spindles- sensory receptors associated with skeletal muscle fibers which detect tension
The diagram represents the cytosolic surface of a normal erythrocyte PM Various proteins associated with the membrane are lettered A-E. A point mutation in which labeled protein results in spherocytosis
The rope shaped item is spectrin- A LETTER
Spectrin gives normal architecture to red blood cells - cytoskeletal protein
Cells will accumulate in which of the following phases of the cell cycle if they are cultivated in the presence of a chemical agent that is capable of blocking the cell cycle immediately after DNA synthesis has been completed? Metaphase of mitosis Anaphase of mitosis G1 S G2
G2 PHASE- is immediately after DNA synthesis
A tumor stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against various classes of intermediate filaments. The tumor stained positively with antiglial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), indicating its derivation from? Astrocytes Endothelial cells of the brain Microglial precursors Oligodendrocytes Stromal fibroblasts of brain meninges
Anti-GFAP is an intermediate filament associated with ASTROCYTE
They may flip the question and ask what is the IF associated with astrocyte
To demonstrate graft versus host rejection to her students, an immunologist grafts the skin of a black male mouse onto an albino female mouse. The graft is rejected. Which of the following cell types present in the skin adjacent to the graft migrate into the graft to initiate an immunological response? Keratinocytes Langerhans’ cells Lymphocytes Melanocytes Merkel cells
LYMPHOCYTES are the T CELLS responsible for graft rejection
The dense spherical granules in this micrograph of a mammalian heart are likely sites for storage of?AcetylcholineAtrial natriuretic peptideCa2+ ATPaseGalactosyltransferaseGlobular actin
Refer to picture with lobule shaped with lots of dots- cardia cell
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE- decreases blood pressure
The diagram is of the olfactory epithelium. The structures label X are?absorptive cellsGoblet cellsMitral cellsOlfactory receptors cellsSupporting cells
OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELLS- the one with an X
Has pseudostratified epithelial cells- columnar cells, basal cells, olfactory epithelium
For the oocyte, meiosis is completed at the time of which of the following events? Extrusion of the first polar body Midcyle peak serum luteinizing hormone Peak serum follicle-stimulating hormone Peak serum inhibin Sperm entry into the secondary oocyte
SPERM ENTRY INTO THE SECONDARY OOCYTE- during this process there is completely of second meiotic division
Meiosis is complete in oocyte. Completion happens during fertilization.
Drugs, including alcohol, increase the number of detoxifying enzymes in the liver by extensive proliferation of which of the following cellular components? Golgi complex Lysosomes Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Which lettered structure on the diagram of muscle is most active during generation of energy necessary for contractions?
Skeletal muscle fiber- referring to mitochondria
LETTER C= MITOCHONDRIA
The most abundant type of cell within the fovea of the retina centralis? Bipolar Cone Ganglion Horizontal Rod
CONE- most abundant
In the eye
The cell type most responsible for recognition and rejection of foreign tissue in organ transplants? B lymphocyte T lymphocyte Macrophage Natural killer cell Neutrophil
T LYMPHOCYTES
Axons are characterized by the absence of which of the following organelles? Intermediate filaments Microtubules Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Vesicles
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
An a 11yr old girl has severed her ulnar nerve. Which of the following cell types is important in promoting axonal regrowth? Epinerulial cells Fibroblasts Oligodendrocytes Perineurial cells Schwann cells
SCHWANN CELLS- process of nerve regeneration- promoting axonal growth
A recessive genetic mutation, white belly spot and tall (bst) is associated in mice with a failure of neural crest cells to migrate into the area of the umbilicus & the distal tail. The skin in these regions on infected mice lacks a population of cells that are devoid of desmosomes & keratin fibrils. Which of the following cell populations is most likely to be affected? Keratinocytes Langerhans’ cells Lymphocytes Melanocytes Merkel’s cell
MELANOCYTES- white belly spot because of failure of migration
A core of helical F-actin filaments provides the skeletal framework for? Ciliary axonemes Desmosomes Microvilli Nuclear laminae Nucleosomes
MICROVILLI- actin filaments are associated with these
The chart represents the changing amounts of RNA and hemoglobin in the erythroblast during erythrocyte formation. Which point best characterizes the condition found in the basophilic erythroblast? Point W Point X Point Y Point Z
POINT W
The vibrations of a tuning fork are most likely detected by? Bare nerve endings Golgi tendon organs Merkel’s cell receptors Muscle spindles Pacinian corpuscles
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
Taste buds on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue are innervated by processes of cells in which the following ganglia? Geniculate Otic Pterygopalatine Submandibular Trigeminal
GENICULATE
The arrows in the photomicrograph indicate structures that are directly regulated by secretions? Chief cells of the parathyroid Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla Follicular cells of the Thyroid Glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex Pituicytes of the Neurohypophysis
CHEIF CELLS OF THE PARATHYROID- secretes parathyroid hormones
Photo will be in color- bone matrix is long gray region with circle center
Cells of which of the following hypothalamic nuclei secrete oxytocin into circulation? Mammillary Supreachiasmatic Supraoptic Tuberal Ventromedial
SUPRAOPTIC- secreted from hypothalmus (paraventricular (oxytocin) and supraotic (antiduaratic hormones mostly and small amounts of oxytocin)- secreted into pars nervosa
Which of the following cell types is most characteristic of terminal bronchioles? Basal Brush Ciliated Clara Mucous (goblet)
CLARA CELLS
Terminal bronchioles are simple layer of epithelial- not pseudostratified so no respiratory epithelium- mucous cells are only in bronchi
Brioncioles have clara cells or club cells
A 12yr old girl with chronic asthma is coughing up large amounts of mucus. Which of the following respiratory structure are the most likely source of mucus? Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Respiratory bronchioles Terminal bronchioles Tertiary bronchi
TERTIARY BRONCHI- goblet cells are found in the bronchi- excess mucous are secreted
Which of the following staining methods will clearly show abundant secretions of mucus in the bronchial epithelium? Hematoxylin and eosin Osmium tetroxide Periodic acid- Schiff (PAS) Sudan black Wrights stain
PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF (PAS)
Which labeled structure in the photomicrograph of respiratory tissue shows the most proximal regions where respiration occurs?
E REGION- refers to proximal region of respiratory zone- alveolar duct, alveolar s, and alveoli- can identify individual alveoli
A genetic defect that renders kinesin incapable of binding to microtubules is most likely to impair? Absorption by the microvilli Fast axonal transport Gap junction communication Muscle contraction Pinocytosis
FAST AXONAL TRANSPORT- Kinesin is in cytplasmic dyenin- likely impair transport
The structure indicated by the arrow on the diagram of a histological section of the skin is specialized to transduce which of the following stimuli into action potential? chemical irritant Cold Heat Light touch Vibration
LIGHT TOUCH - meisner corpuscles
small arrow at top middle around light grey region
Which of the following cell types forms the barrier that prevents interaction b/w developing sperm & the immune system? Capillary endothelium Interstitial cell Myoid cell Sertoli cell Undifferentiated germ cells
SERTOLI CELLS- blood testes barrier- seminiferous tubules
Chronic administration of glucocorticoids will result in decreased thickness of which region of the adrenal glands? Medulla Zona fasciculata Zona glomerulosa Zona reticularis
ZONA FASICULATA
adrenal cortex- ZG-> ZF-> ZR-> M (cathecolamine)
After swimming in cool water, a fair skinned woman’s skin becomes pale a& cold b/c the blood is diverted away from the capillary bed in the superficial layers of the dermis. The structures responsible for this diversion are? Arterioles Arteriovenous shunts Capillaries Muscular venules sinusoids
Diversion of the blood from arteriol to venule through ATERIOVENOUS SHUNTS
The epithelial lining of which of the following organs is most likely to be the site of a primary squamous cell carcinoma? Rectum Trachea Ureter Uterine tube Vagina
Columnar to squamous epithelium- RECTUM
The ducts of apocrine glands are characteristically lined with which type of epithelium? Pseudostratified columnar Simple columnar Simple cuboidal Simple squamous Stratified columnar Stratified cuboidal Stratified squamous Transitional
Sweat glands
STRATFIFIED CUBODIAL- in the duct- not secretory region
The scanning EM shows a broken surface of a mammalian liver, RBC indicates erythrocytes. The arrow at X point to? Bile canaliculus Hepatocyte cytosol Lumen of an artery Perisinusoidal space (of disse) Vascular space
BILE CANALICULUS
-Study the picture
Portion of the liver- fenestrated endothelial cells- sinusoidal epithelial cells- hepatocyte template (long cells with center line down the middle) Blood flow between them.
Center line down middle hepatocyte- where the bile is being discharged
A polypeptide with a molecular weight of 500 Daltons is introduced into the circulation through an intravenous drip. In which organ is it most likely to remain in the vascular bed? Brain Liver Plasma membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Secretory vesicles
BRAIN
Movement of substances is prevented by blood barrier
Liver -> polypeptides will not make it through because of sinusoids
Brain -> has continuous capillary so not everything can diffuse
In the illustration of the alveolar wall, which labeled cell produces a substance that lowers alveolar surface tension
LETTER D
C- Type 1 pneumocyte A- endothelial cell of capillary B-blood cell D- Type 2 pneumocyte- cubodial cells- with lameral bodies E- alveolar macrophages
Referring to surfactants- secreted in type 2 cells
In children who exhibit abnormally rapid growth, administration of somatostatin will depress secretion of which of the following cell types in the pituitary gland? Acidiphils Basophils Chromophobes Folliculostellate cells
ACIDOPHILS
Somatostratin will stop secretions of growth hormones. They are synthesized in
Basophils secrete: FLAT acronym (follicle stimulating, leutinzin, a
Acidophils- prolactin and growth hormones
Translocation of protein from the ribosome into the lipid bilayer of a membrane occurs most frequently at the level of the Cis Golgi Lamellae Nucleolus Plasma cells Rough endoplasmic reticulum Secretory vesicles
Lipid bilayer= plasma membrane -> SECRETORY VESICLES responsible for transporting ribosomes through the lipid bilayer- confined in vesicles
Initial glycosylation of glycoproteins occurs at which of the labeled structures on the electron micrograph of cells of a gastric gland?
Study picture
Initial glycosalation happnes in RER. Final glycosilation happnes in golgi coomplex.
Look for RER-> LETTER C
The scanning electron micrograph shows a portion of normal adult kidney. Which letter indicates the cell layer that is directly continuous with the cells of the proximal tubule? A B C D E
Bowmans membrane connects to PCT- bowmans is lined with squamous epithelial cells then into cuboid cells in PCT
LETTER B
Glomerulous was the C, D, E region
A 50 yr old postmenopausal woman reports that the amount and coarseness of her facial hair has increased in recent months. Secretions of cells in which of the following regions of the adrenal gland is most likely responsible? Medulla Zona fasciculata Zona glomerulosa Zona reticularis
ZONA RETICULARIS- sex hormone
In prepubertal boys, cells within the seminiferous tubules are? Mature spermatozoa Primary spermatocyte Secondary spermatocytes Spermatids Spermatogonia
Actively dividing SPERMATOGONIA
Which of the following cell types is the source of new skeletal muscles following injury?
Embryonic myotubules remaining from fetal myogenesis
Endomysial fibroblasts
Satellite cells
Schwann cells
SATELLITE CELLS associated with skeletal muscle fibers
Said schwann but circled satellite- Double check this*
The secretory phase of the endometrium is directly controlled by which of the following hormones? Estrogen Follicle-stimulation hormone Human chronic gonadotropin Luteinizing hormone Progesterone
PROGESTOERONE
The principal extracellular molecule that promotes adhesion of epithelial cells to the basement membrane are? Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan Type I collagen Elastin Laminin Thrombospondin
LAMININ or fibronectin- cell adhesion molecules for cell to basement membrane through hemidesmosomes
The most prominent ultrastructural characteristics of interstitial (Leydig) cells? Centrioles Numerous microtubules Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Zymogen granules
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Which of the following structure is labeled X in the photograph? alveolus Bronchus Respiratory bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Trachea
Portion of bronchial tree- epithelial lining- TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
Know how each of these would look in a figure
Trachea- resp epithelium and cartilage
Bronchus- RE and Cartilage
A 55 yr old woman notes a gradually increasing number of episodes of cramping abdominal pain & diarrhea that occur after ingestion of milk products. A decrease in which of the following best explains her condition?
Ability of enterocytes to transport calcium
Ability of Paneth cells to secretes secrete lactase
Ability of Paneth cells to secrete lysozyme
Beta-galactosidase activity within lysosomes of enterocytes
Sucrose activity within lysosomes of enterocytes
BETA-GALACTOSIDASE ACTIVITY WITHIN LYSOSOMES OF ENTEROCYTES
Which label on the electron micrograph of a nerve is the myelinated axon?
The whole D, H, A region is myelinated
D is a schwann cell
A mutation interfering with formation of triple helix of Type II collagen most likely causes abnormalities? Basement membrane Blood vessels Hyaline cartilage Skin Bone
Type 2 collagen is found in HYALINE CARTILAGE
Bone and skin is Type 1 collagen
Basement membrane is type 4
A 40 yr old woman has reduced 2-point discrimination on the distal phalanges of her fingers. Which of the following skin cell types is most likely affected in this patient? Keratinocytes Langerhans’cells Lymphocyte Melanocytes Merkel’s cells
MERKEL CELLS- associated with epidermis
Over the course of 2 weeks, the diameter of a 1-cm puncture wound of the skin noticeably decreases. What cell type in the skin is most likely to be responsible for this contraction phenomenon? Arrector pili muscles Fibroblast Keratinocyte Macrophages Merkel’s cells
Wound cuts will come close to each other to close the wound
FIBROBLAST- myofibroblast (more correct bc actin and myosin contract to bring injured skin together)
The exocrine pancreas releases digestive enzymes primarily in response to hormones produced by? Body of the stomach Cardia of the stomach Duodenum Fundus of the stomach Gallbladder
Exocrine pancreas- secretions of pancreatic enzyme-faciliated by cck- facilatate secretory asenous- DUODENUM- secreted from intestinal glands
In the kidney, what normally happens to protein that has passed through the filtration barrier?
Reabsorption by the collecting tubules
Reabsorption by proximal convoluted tubule cells
Reabsorption by the thick ascending limb of the loop of the Henle
Removal in voided urine
Reutilization intact
Afferent arterioles -> glomeruls -> efferent arterioles -> bowmans capsule surrounds this into PCT
REABSORPTION BY THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES CELLS
In the epidermis, certain cells form a product that is transferred to other epidermal cells? This product is a Birbeck granule of Langerhan’s cell Dense core granule of Merkel’s cell Keratohyalin granule Membrane-coating granule Melansome
MELANOSOMES- Contain melanin
In the kidney, an apical nucleus, extensive basal interdigitations, and absence of brush border characterizes cells of?
Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle
Thin limb of the loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Absence of brush border in distal convoluted tubule
THICK ASCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLE is distal convoluted tubules DCT
Pct- thick descending limb of loop of henle
A 35-year-old man develops erosive lesions in the cartilaginous nasal septum as a result of inhaling cocaine. What type of collagen makes up the nasal fibers that are liberated during this degradation? I II III IV V X
Type 2 Collagen- Hyaline cartilage
Renin secreting cells in the kidney are located? Afferent arteriole Arched collecting tubules Glomerular mesangium Loop of Henle Macula densa of the distal tubule
Juxtaglomuleral cells are in AFFERENT ARTERIOLES- received signals coming from DCT- macula densa
Renin used to angiotensin to angiotensin 1
A 4-month old boy is admitted to the hospital because of bilateral hydronephrosis due to posterior urethral valves. Serums studies shows increased concentration of urea nitrogen and creatinine. Following insertion of a catheter into the bladder, there is a marked increase of urinary volume. Which of the following renal renal structure is first affected by the posterior urethral valves?
Afferent arteriole Ascending loop of Henle Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Proximal tubule
Urinary bladder connected into ureters then into kidney - microscopic structures of kidney has callices, collecting ducts, pct, golmerulus, loop of henle, dct, collecting ducts
First region affected by urethral is COLLECTING DUCTS- outside the nephron
In the mammalian central nervous system, gap junctions are found most frequently between which of the structures? Astrocytes Microglia Neurons Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells
ASTROCYTES- most numerous cells in the nervous tissue- connect with each other and facilitates the transportation of ions from one cell to another
After an inflammatory response, transmigration of monocytes are most likely to occur through which of the following component of the muscle’s microvasculature? Arterioles Continuous capillaries Fenestrated capillaries Muscular arterioles Venules
Arterioles, capillaries, post capillary venules
VENULES (post capillary)
Which of the following intestinal cells in an adult are most susceptible to chemotherapeutic agents that target rapidly dividing cells? Duodenal enteroendocrine cells Duodenal paneth cells Gastric chief cells Gastric parietal cells Jejunal absorptive cells
Chemotherapeutic agenst- front liner cells
JEJUNAL ABSORBATIVE CELLS
A 24-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after he was involved in a motor vehicle collision. Abdominal examination shows evidence of severe contusion on the liver from blunt trauma to the right upper quadrant. Exploratory laparotomy shows a lacerated right hepatic lobe with a large intrahepatic hematoma. A partial hepatectomy is done. Within 2 months, the size and weight of the liver have returned to normal. Which of the following reparative or adaptive process best describes this changes? Cellular atrophy Cellular hypertrophy Collagen cross linking Collagen fibrillogenesis Neovascularization Replacement by another cell type Replacement by continuously dividing cells Replacement by stimulated G0 cells.
REPLACEMENT OF G0 CELLS- not active in cells division- only divide when stimulation- when stimulated they re-enter the g1 phase
A previously healthy 8-month –old boy is brought to the physician by his m mother because of a 24-hour history of poor feeding, weak suck, drooling and constipation. His symtomps began after she introduced homemade canned food into his diet. Physical examination shows loss of head control, decreased gag reflex, weak cry, and hypotonia. Testing of blood and stool samples confirms the diagnosis of botulism. The symptoms most likely arose through enzymatic lysis of which of the following types of proteins within the neuromuscular junctions? Acetylcholine receptors Acetylcholinesterase Actins ATPases Clatrhin Dystrophins Myosin heavy chains Ryanodine receptors SNAP receptors (SNAREs)
Botulism example
SNAP RECEPTORS (SNAREs)
Presynaptic cells cannot bind with proteins to release neurotransmitter
Breast-fed newborn have earlier better passive immunity during the first few weeks of life than the newborns that are not breast. This is caused by the secretion of which of the following antibodies in the mother’s breast milk? IgA IgD IgE IgM
IgA secreted in breast milk
The initial glycosylation of secretory proteins occurs at which of the following location in the secretory pathways? Nuclear pores Ribosomes Rough endoplasmic reticulum Secretory vesicles Trans Golgi complex
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
An experimental study is conducted to examine the binding of insulin to its receptors. The activation of its receptor initiates intracellular signaling. This activity most likely results from which of the following processes?
Phosphorylation of phosphoinositol to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
Phosphorylation of serine residue
Phosphorylation of tyrosyl residue
Release of Ca2+
Release of diacylglycerol
Release of phophatidylcholine
PHOSPHORYLATION OF TYROSYL RESIDUE
Which of the following is the predominant component of the organic matrix of mature bone? Hydroxyapatite Osteocalcin Osteonectin Proteoglycan Type I collagen
TYPE 1 COLLAGEN
inorganic is hydroxyapatite crystals
The transmission electron micrograph shows the basolateral region of an epithelial cell. Which of the following is most likely function of the plasma membrane modification?
Compartmentalization of the nucleus basally
Formation of microvilli
Increased surface area for membrane transport
Prevention of junctions from forming with the extracellular matrix
Surface specialization for phagocytosis
There will be a picture attached- with lots of basal interdigitations
INCREASED SURFACE AREA FOR MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
In the digestive tract, immunologically active lymphoid tissue is concentrated in which of the following? Adventitia Epithelium Lamina propia Serosa
LAMINA PROPIA
The cell indicated by the arrow in the photomicrograph shown most likely participates in which of the following processes? Adaptive cell-mediated immunity Hemostasis Innate immunity Oxygen transport Protection against parasitic infection
INNATE IMMUNITY
Which of the following labeled cells in the photomicrograph shown synthesizes anti Mullerian hormone?
Seminiferous tubule- lined by sertoli cells- antimullerian hormone prevents formation of female reproductive system
B-basal compartment- ovoid nucleus- is of a sertoli cell
During a study of the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, labeled tracer molecules of varying molecular sizes are injected into the bloodstream of an experimental animal. Immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue prepared for light microscopy shows tracer in the lumen of the blood vessels, but not in the brain tissue. Interaction between which of the following pairs of membrane a protein has more likely prevented the tracer molecules from entering the tissue spaces?
Cahedrins and selectins Claudins and occludins Desmoglein and desmocolin Integrin and connexin Plakoglobins and desmoplakin
Components of blood brain barrier- indicated by brain tissue
Endothelial cells, continous basement membrane, astrocytic EF
CLAUDINS AND OCCLUDINS
Which of the following photomicrograph of tissue from the male reproductive system shows structure that contains cells that synthesizes androgen-binding proteins?
Study the picture- androgen binding proteins- leydic cells secrete testosterone
Moves into epididymis
SEMINFEROUS TUBULES EPIDYDNUS IS PHOTO F (BOTTOM RIGHT)
Seminal vesicles is letter e, prostate is letter c
An investigator is using antibodies against microfilament-capping protein to study the cellular locations of those factors. It is found that these antibodies inhibit microfilament function when presented to living cells. Which of the cellular activities is most likely to be decreased as result? Cell motility Dyein function Glycolysis Kinesin function Nuclear transport
Microfilament is associated with microvilli= decrease in CELL MOTILITY
An investigator is studying a drug that inhibits the polymerization/depolymerization of actin filaments. Which of the following is most likely to be decreased in cells treated with this drug?
Binding of integrin to microtubules
Cellular response to chemotactic factor
Exporting of mRNA from nucleus
Importing of cytochrome c into the mitochondria
Translocation of new polypeptide into the rough endoplasmic reticulum
CELLULAR RESPONSE TO CHEOTACTIC FACTOR
A 62-year-old man is evaluated in the office because of difficulty initiating a urine stream. A histologic exam of resected tissue is shown in the photomicrograph stromal compartment of this tissue consists of which of the following? Adipose tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Simple columnar epithelium Smooth muscle Stratified squamous epithelium
Will have a picture of prostate gland
Stromal compartment tissues is made of SMOOTH MUSCLES
Quality control to remove misfolding during synthesis of integral membrane proteins is mediated by chaperons located in which of the cellular structures? Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes Mitochondria Peroxisomes Proteasomes
PROTEASOMES
The process of synthesizing protein F is shown in the diagram. Which of the following primary function of the structure labeled G?
Arrest protein translation
Bind the signal recognition particle
Cleave signal sequence in protein F
Initiate synthesis of protein F
Translation protein F across the lipid bilayer
Function of G
BINDS THE SIGNAL RECOGNITION PARTICLE- facilitates the protein synthesis
A 24-year-old woman has a 1-year history of loose, watery stools and epigastric pain refractory to the medical treatment. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract shows thickened gastric folds and a duodenal ulcer. Basal hydrochloric acid secretion is increased. Both gastrin concentration is also increased and increases further with administration of secretion. Hyper secretion by which of the following cell a type is most likely to produce these findings? Absorptive Chief Enteroendocrine Goblet Paneth
Increase HCL- from parietal cells- stimulated by gastrin
What stimulates secretion of gastrin? ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS
An 8-year-old boy is brought to the office by his mother 2 days after he cut his thumb while bating a fishhook. Examination of the thumb shows a 1.5-cm purulent laceration with a surrounding area of redness and swelling. Which of the following proteins has most likely been expressed at the site of injury by the endothelial cells in this patient? Adherins Cahedrins Catenins Connexin Selectin
Redness and swelling- inflammation process
White blood cells come to area- what facilitates white blood cell movement? SELECTIN
After neutrophil engulf a microbe by phagocytosis, it must act to kill its prey. The major way this is done is by exposing the content of the phagosome to which of the following substances? Catalase Immunoglobulin Phosphatase Reactive oxygen species Superoxide dismutase
REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES
Which of the following is the initiating event that controls the entry of cells from G1 stage to the M phase of the cell cycle? DNA replication Duplication of centrosome Formation of mitotic spindle Fragmentation of the nuclear envelope Protein phosphorylation
PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION (of Rb protein)
A 4-month-old boy is admitted to the hospital of bilateral hydronephrosis due to posterior urethral valves. Serum studies show increased concentration of urea nitrogen and creatinine. Following insertion of the catheter into the bladder, there is a marked increase in urinary volume. Which of the renal structures is first affected by the posterior urethral valve? Afferent arteriole Ascending loop of Henle Collecting duct Distal convoluted tubule Proximal tubule
COLLECTING DUCT
A 6-month-old boy is diagnosed with a mutation in an enzyme required for the synthesis of mannose 6-phospahate. The function of which of the following organelle is most likely to be affected by the mutation in this patient? Endosome Lysosome Mitochondria Rough endoplasmic reticulum Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM- protein synthesis- then to golgi
A 69-year-old woman dies of lung cancer. A photomicrograph of a histologic section of respiratory tract obtained at autopsy is shown. Which of the following explains the presence of the dark blue stain observed in this section? DNA Elastin Glycosaminoglycans Collagen type I Collagen type IV
Study picture
Has hyaline cartilage- Type 2 collagen
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS- secreted in outside surroundings of chondrocytes
During the hepatic regeneration in response to damage from physical trauma, some new lobules are reorganized from new hepatic cells and new sinusoids. In order for there to be a normal pathway of blood flow within these new lobule, the new central veins must directly connected to which of the following types of vessels at their distal (efferent) end? Large branch of the vena cava Sinusoid Small branch of the hepatic artery Small branch of the hepatic vein Small branch of the portal vein
Central vein at distal end
Portal triad-> central vein -> sinusoids
SMALL BRANCH OF HEPATIC VEIN
Study blood flow in liver
During the hepatic regeneration in response to damage from physical trauma, some new lobules are reorganized from new hepatic cells and new sinusoids. In order for there to be a normal pathway of blood flow within these new lobule, the new central veins must directly connected to which of the following types of vessels at their distal (efferent) end? Large branch of the vena cava Sinusoid Small branch of the hepatic artery Small branch of the hepatic vein Small branch of the portal vein
BASAL LAYER KERATINOCYTES
A 12-year-old boy with asthma is brought to the physician because of wheezing for 2 hours. Treatment with an inhaled bronchodilator has not completely resolved his symptoms. Which of the following portions of the airways is most susceptible to flow limitation due to smooth muscle contraction in this patient? Alveolar duct Alveolus Bronchiole Nasal passages Trachea
BRONCHIOLE
