Histology malignancies types Flashcards
Neoplasia
Definition of neoplasm:
A …… is an abnormal mass ot ….., the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue, which persists after …… of the stimulus that evoked the change. The proliferation is purposeless and continues without regard to its effects on the surrounding …… or the requirements of the ……
New growth
A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissue, which persists after cessation of the stimulus that evoked the change. The proliferation is purposeless and continues without regard to its effects on the surrounding tissues or the requirements of the organism.
Neoplastic cells show:
- Trans….. …….
- Tum……..
- Im……….
Transformed phenotype
Tumourigenicity
Immortality
Conditions Predisposing to Neoplasia
- Hyperplasia - cells deviate only minimally form those normal tissues, but …. as they contain excessive numbers of …
Hyperplasia = overgrowth of cells within tissue type
Metaplasia - one type of normal cell is …… by cells of another type that are not normally …………. in this site within a tissue
Metaplasia = Change from one form to another ….. tissue type
Hyperplasia – cells deviate only minimally form those of normal tissues , but abnormal as they contain excessive numbers of cells
Hyperplasia -= overgrowth of cells within tissue type
Metaplasia - one type of normal cell is displaced by cells of another type that are not normally encountered in this site within a tissue
Metaplasia = change from one form to anther (with tissue type)
Conditions responding to neoplasia
Dysplasia - disordered cell growth with cytologically abnormal cells and it refers to the histological appearances of intraepithelial …., i.e neplasitc change in …. cells that are still confined by the ….. membrane
Dysplastic cells exhibit a number of morphological features, which are shared by cells in invasive tumorus:
- Loss of normal maturation pattern (polarity)
- increased mitotic figures (some maybe .,,,,)
- Variation in cell … and …. (pleomorphism)
- Large nuclei in relation to cytoplasm
- Dark staining nuclei (hyper chromatism as a result of increased DNA content)
- Cell look more primitive (altered ……..)
These features are normally described as ‘atypia’ in histopathology report
Dysplasia – disordered cell growth with cytologically abnormal cells and it refers to the histological appearances of intraepithelial neoplasia, i.e. neoplastic changes in epithelial cells that are still confined by the basement membrane.
Dysplastic cells exhibit a number of morphological features, which are shared by cells in invasive tumours:
Loss of normal maturation pattern (polarity)
Increased mitotic figures (some maybe atypical)
Variation in cell shape and size (pleomorphism)
Large nuclei in relation to cytoplasm
Dark staining nuclei (hyperchromatism as a result of increased DNA content)
Cell look more primitive (altered differentiation)
These features are often described as ‘atypia’ in histopathology report
Clinical examples of the Dysplasia to neoplasia sequence
- Benign Colorectal Polyp (adenomas) are composed of ….. ……. ……..
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) in the …….. ……
Carcinoma in situ of the breast ……..
Benign Colorectal Polyp (adenomas) are composed of dysplastic epithelial glands.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) in the uterine cervix.
Carcinoma in situ of the breast epithelium.
Carcinogenesis or Oncogenesis
It is the process which results in the development of a malignant neoplasm.
Carcinogenesis is due to …… in ……. involved with cell growth and differ………
Transformation is the term given to a cell that has undergone …….. change.
……… is a substance which can cause neoplasia by it action on nuclear DNA.
Oncogenes are abnormal genes expressed in ….. …….
Oncogenes are derived from proto-oncogenes, which are ….. ….. …….
Onco-suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes) are normal genes which act to …… ………. e.g. by promoting ……… or inhibiting cell proliferation.
It is the process which results in the development of a malignant neoplasm.
Carcinogenesis is due to mutations in genes involved with cell growth and differentiation.
Transformation is the term given to a cell that has undergone neoplastic change.
Carcinogen is a substance which can cause neoplasia by it action on nuclear DNA.
Oncogenes are abnormal genes expressed in neoplastic cells.
Oncogenes are derived from proto-oncogenes, which are normal human genes.
Onco-suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes) are normal genes which act to prevent neoplasia e.g. by promoting apoptosis or inhibiting cell proliferation.
Epidemiological Factor
- Genetic and cultural factors
- D,,,,,,
- Li,,,,,
- Occupa..
- Ge….
- …….. history
- ………. conditions
- Foetal …….
Genetic and cultural factors Diet Lifestyle Occupation Gender Family history Premalignant conditions Foetal exposure
Classification of tumours
Behavioural classification: …… or ……..
Histogenetic classification: ….. or …… of origin
Precise classification of individual of individuals tumours is important for planning effective treatment
Behavioural classification: benign or malignant
Histogenetic classification: cell or tissue of origin
Precise classification of individual tumours is important for planning effective treatment
Patterns of neoplastic growth
- Poly…
- Fungating/………
- Ulc……
Polypoid
Fungating/exophytic
Ulcerating
Benign tumours
Non-invasive and remain ……..
……. growth rate
Close histological resemblance to ….. ………
Non-invasive and remain localised
Slow growth rate
Close histological resemblance to parent tissue
Malignant tumours
- Invasive ad thus capable of …… directly or by metastasis
- Relatively rapid growth rate
- Variable histological resemblance to the …… ……..
Invasive and thus capable of spreading directly or by metastasis
Relatively rapid growth rate
Variable histological resemblance to the parent tissue
Histological Grade
Histogenesis - the specific cell or tissue of …… ……. of an individual …………
Histological grade of the neoplasm describes how closely the …… resembles normal tissue, the extend to which the tumour resembles histologically its cell or tissue of …. determines the tumour ……or degree of cellular ……………..
Main point:
Classification by tissue or cell of ……
Histologically determined
Degree of histological resemblance to parent …….. allows ……… to be graded
Histological grade ……… with clinical behaviour
Histogenesis — the specific cell or tissue of origin of an individual tumour
Histological grade of the neoplasm describes how closely the tumour resembles normal tissue, the extend to which the tumour resembles histologically its cell or tissue of origin determines the tumour grade or degree of cellular differentiation.
Main point:
Classification by tissue or cell of origin
Histologically determined
Degree of histological resemblance to parent tissue allows tumours to be graded
Histological grade correlates with clinical behaviour
Histogenetic classification includes numerous subdivisions, but the major categories of origin are from:
- epithelial cells (forming ………..)
- connective tissues or ………. tissues (forming ……….)
- lymphoid and/or ……………. organs (forming lymphomas or leukaemia’s)
epithelial cells (forming carcinomas)
connective tissues or mesenchymal tissues (forming sarcomas) lymphoid and/or haematopoietic organs (forming lymphomas or leukaemias).
Carcinoma
Origin = Behaviour = Frequency = Preferred route of metastasis = In situ phase = Age grouping =
Sarcoma
Origin = Behaviour = Frequency = Preferred route of metastasis = In situ phase = Age group =
Carcinoma
Origin = Epithelium Behaviour = Malignant Frequency = Common Preferred route of metastasis = lymph In situ phase = yes Age grouping = <50years
Sarcoma
Origin = Connective tissues (mesenchyme) Behaviour = Malignant Frequency = Relatively rare Preferred route of metastasis In situ phase = NO Age group Usually below 50 years
Squamous cell
Benign = Squamous cell......... Malignant = squamous cell .......
Transitional
Benign= Transitional cell ........ Malignant = Transitional cell ......
Basal cell
Benign= Basal cell ...... malignant = basal cell .....
Glandular
Benign = .... (e.g. thyroid adenoma Malignant = Adenocarcinoma (e.g. adenocarcinoma of ........
Squamous cell
Benign = Squamous cell papilloma Malignant = squamous cell carcinoma
Transitional
Benign= Transitional cell papilloma Malignant = Transitional cell carcinoma
Basal cell
Benign= Basal cell papilloma malignant = basal cell carcinoma
Glandular
Benign = Adenoma (e.g. thyroid adenoma Malignant = Adenocarcinoma (e.g. adenocarcinoma of breast
