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Histology Lecture 1 & 2 on own > Histology lecture 1 & 2 (on own) > Flashcards

Histology lecture 1 & 2 (on own) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the goal of slide preparation?

A

To preserve the sample so that it has the same structure and molecular position as it had in the _.

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2
Q

Steps of slide preparation

A
  1. fixation 2. dehydration 3. clearing 4. infiltration 5. embedding
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3
Q

Fixation

A

small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that preserve by cross linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes

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4
Q

Dehydration

A

the tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions ending in 100% which removes all water

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5
Q

Clearing

A

alcohol is removed in toluene or other agents in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible

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6
Q

infiltration

A

the tissue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated with this substance

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7
Q

Embedding

A

the paraffin infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to Harden

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8
Q

Trimming

A

The resulting paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning on a microscope

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9
Q

Do most cells and extracellular material have color? If not what must be done?

A

no. It must be stained

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10
Q

Basophillic staining-

A

cell components that are a net negative charge (anionic)(nucleic acids) stain more readily with basic dyes

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11
Q

Acidophillic staining-

A

Cell components that stain more readily with acidic dyes (proteins)

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12
Q

Basic dye examples

A

Hematoxylin, methylene blue, toluidine blue

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13
Q

what things are stained with basic dyes?

A

DNA, RNA, glycosaminoglycans

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14
Q

what things are stained with acidic dyes?

A

Mitochondria, secretary granules, and collagen

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15
Q

Acidic dye examples

A

Eosin orange G

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16
Q

Trichromes

A

used in more complex histologic procedures

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17
Q

What does trichomes do?

A

helps distinguish extracellular tissue components

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18
Q

Sudan black

A

lipid soluble die

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19
Q

Hematoxylin and Eosin

A

most commonly used in light microscopy

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20
Q

light microscope examples

A

Bright field, fluorescence, and phase contrast

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21
Q

Electron microscope examples

A

Transmission and scanning

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22
Q

Light microscopes

A

widely used by students of histology, stained preparations are examined by means of ordinary light that passes through the specimen

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23
Q

3 sets of lenses on the light microscope

A
  1. condenser 2. objective 3. eyepieces
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24
Q

condenser lense

A

collects and focuses a cone of light and illuminates the tissue slide on the stage

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25
Q

Objective lenses

A

enlarge and protect the illuminated image of the object toward the eyepiece. Magnifications of X4, X10, and X100

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26
Q

Eyepiece lenses

A

aka oculars and magnify the image another X10 and protect it to the viewer yielding a total magnification of X40, X100 and X400 `

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27
Q

Flourescence microscopy

A

Principal: when certain cellular substances are irradiated by light of a proper wavelength, they emit light with a longer wavelength. Ex. UV waves

28
Q

Acridine orange

A

A florescent stain that binds to DNA and RNA

29
Q

Fluorescein-phalloidin

A

A florescent stain that binds to actin

30
Q

Phase contrast microscopy

A

Can be used on living cell structures. Uses a lens system that produces visible images from transparent objects (living cells)

31
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A
  1. Cathode emits electrons that travel to an anode with an accelerating voltage
  2. Electrons pass through a hole in anode to form a bean that is focused electromagnetically by a circular electric coil
  3. electrons pass through specimen
  4. electrons pass through various lenses and are projected onto monitor
32
Q

Resolution

A

smallest distance between 2 particles at which they can be seen as separate obectss

33
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

similar to TEM but does not pass through specimen. Moved sequentially (scanned) from point to point across surface

34
Q

immunohistochemistry

A

Based on specific reactions of antibodies labeled with visible fluorescent markers. Allows identification and localizing of many specific proteins

35
Q

Antigen

A

macromolecules: proteins etc, that are recognized as foreign and not part of the organism

36
Q

antibody

A

immunoglobulin glycoprotein made from immune cells that bind to antigens and help eliminate them

37
Q

2 types of IHC

A

Direct and indirect

38
Q

direct HIC

A

labeled antibody Binds directly to antigen

39
Q

Indirect IHC

A

labeled antibody binds to primary antibody which was bound to antigen

40
Q

Uses of IHC

A

To predict prognosis of tumors by identification of enzymes, tumor specific antigens and tumor cell proliferation markers. It can diagnose cancer as benign or malignant and determine the stage and grade of tumor along with cell type and origin of metastasis.

41
Q

plasma membrane is a

A

phospholipid bilayer. Polar phosphate head and non polar fatty acid tail. Unsaturated-bent tails

42
Q

Functions of plasma membrane

A
  1. physical barrier
  2. selective permeability 3. Electrochemical gradient
  3. communication
43
Q

passive processes

A

simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis

44
Q

3 types of membrane receptors

A

channel linked, enzymatic, and G protein receptors

45
Q

How do channel linked membrane receptors work?

A

Ligand binds and channel opens and allows ions to leave

46
Q

How do Enzymatic receptors work?

A

ligand binds to receptor and causes the enzyme to be activated that phosphorylates other enzymes

47
Q

2 types of ribosomes

A

free and ER bound

48
Q

2 types of ribosomes

A

free and ER bound]

49
Q

where do the proteins of free ribosomes go?

A

to mitochondria, peroxisomes and nucleus

50
Q

where do proteins from ER bound ribosomes go?

A

secretory vesicles which get secreted to the cell or remain in the cell membrane. OR to lysosomes

51
Q

what can break down proteins?

A

proteosomes

52
Q

Functions of the ER?

A
  1. Synthesis- provides a place for chemical reactions
  2. Transport-moves molecules through the cisternal space from one part of the cell to another
  3. Storage- stores newly synthesized molecules
  4. detoxification-smooth ER detoxifies both drugs and alcohol
53
Q

function of smooth ER

A

site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism and detoxifies both drugs and alcohol

54
Q

Golgi apparatus functions

A

completes posttranslational modification of proteins synthesized in RER.
Packages and addresses these proteins to proper destinations

55
Q

secretory granules

A

found in cells that store a product such as a hormone or digestive enzymes until signaled to release by exocytosis. Concentrated from Golgi apparatus

56
Q

Lysosomes function

A

intracellular digestion

57
Q

Lysosomal storage disorders

A

rare inherited metabolic diseases that are characterized by an abnormal build up of various toxic material in the body cells and result in enzyme deficiencies that cause the lysosome to not be able to digest

58
Q

tay sach’s

A

deficiency of GM2-gangliosidase (break down fatty substance) and affects the nervous system

59
Q

effects of tay Sachs disease

A

Loses muscle control. may lead to blindness, paralysis or death

60
Q

Mitochondria

A
  1. atp synthesis through aerobic respiration
  2. extremely prevalent in cells that undergo active transport
  3. absent in cells with low metabolic demand (RBC)
61
Q

peroxisomes

A

spherical membrane organelles that have enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide

62
Q

Centromere

A

Microtubular structure involved in mitosis that aligns chromosomes for separate daughter cells

63
Q

cells for movement

A

muscle and other contractile cells

64
Q

cells that form adhesive and tight junctions between cells

A

epithelial cells

65
Q

cells that synthesize and secrete components of the ECM

A

fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage

66
Q

Cells that convert physical and chemical stimuli to action potentials

A

neurons and sensory cels

Histology Lecture 1 & 2 on own (1 decks)

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