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Histology Lecture 1 & 2 on own > Histology lecture 1 & 2 (on own) > Flashcards

Histology lecture 1 & 2 (on own) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the goal of slide preparation?

A

To preserve the sample so that it has the same structure and molecular position as it had in the _.

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2
Q

Steps of slide preparation

A
  1. fixation 2. dehydration 3. clearing 4. infiltration 5. embedding
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3
Q

Fixation

A

small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that preserve by cross linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes

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4
Q

Dehydration

A

the tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions ending in 100% which removes all water

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5
Q

Clearing

A

alcohol is removed in toluene or other agents in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible

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6
Q

infiltration

A

the tissue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated with this substance

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7
Q

Embedding

A

the paraffin infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to Harden

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8
Q

Trimming

A

The resulting paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning on a microscope

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9
Q

Do most cells and extracellular material have color? If not what must be done?

A

no. It must be stained

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10
Q

Basophillic staining-

A

cell components that are a net negative charge (anionic)(nucleic acids) stain more readily with basic dyes

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11
Q

Acidophillic staining-

A

Cell components that stain more readily with acidic dyes (proteins)

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12
Q

Basic dye examples

A

Hematoxylin, methylene blue, toluidine blue

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13
Q

what things are stained with basic dyes?

A

DNA, RNA, glycosaminoglycans

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14
Q

what things are stained with acidic dyes?

A

Mitochondria, secretary granules, and collagen

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15
Q

Acidic dye examples

A

Eosin orange G

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16
Q

Trichromes

A

used in more complex histologic procedures

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17
Q

What does trichomes do?

A

helps distinguish extracellular tissue components

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18
Q

Sudan black

A

lipid soluble die

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19
Q

Hematoxylin and Eosin

A

most commonly used in light microscopy

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20
Q

light microscope examples

A

Bright field, fluorescence, and phase contrast

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21
Q

Electron microscope examples

A

Transmission and scanning

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22
Q

Light microscopes

A

widely used by students of histology, stained preparations are examined by means of ordinary light that passes through the specimen

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23
Q

3 sets of lenses on the light microscope

A
  1. condenser 2. objective 3. eyepieces
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24
Q

condenser lense

A

collects and focuses a cone of light and illuminates the tissue slide on the stage

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25
Objective lenses
enlarge and protect the illuminated image of the object toward the eyepiece. Magnifications of X4, X10, and X100
26
Eyepiece lenses
aka oculars and magnify the image another X10 and protect it to the viewer yielding a total magnification of X40, X100 and X400 `
27
Flourescence microscopy
Principal: when certain cellular substances are irradiated by light of a proper wavelength, they emit light with a longer wavelength. Ex. UV waves
28
Acridine orange
A florescent stain that binds to DNA and RNA
29
Fluorescein-phalloidin
A florescent stain that binds to actin
30
Phase contrast microscopy
Can be used on living cell structures. Uses a lens system that produces visible images from transparent objects (living cells)
31
Transmission electron microscope
1. Cathode emits electrons that travel to an anode with an accelerating voltage 2. Electrons pass through a hole in anode to form a bean that is focused electromagnetically by a circular electric coil 3. electrons pass through specimen 4. electrons pass through various lenses and are projected onto monitor
32
Resolution
smallest distance between 2 particles at which they can be seen as separate obectss
33
Scanning electron microscope
similar to TEM but does not pass through specimen. Moved sequentially (scanned) from point to point across surface
34
immunohistochemistry
Based on specific reactions of antibodies labeled with visible fluorescent markers. Allows identification and localizing of many specific proteins
35
Antigen
macromolecules: proteins etc, that are recognized as foreign and not part of the organism
36
antibody
immunoglobulin glycoprotein made from immune cells that bind to antigens and help eliminate them
37
2 types of IHC
Direct and indirect
38
direct HIC
labeled antibody Binds directly to antigen
39
Indirect IHC
labeled antibody binds to primary antibody which was bound to antigen
40
Uses of IHC
To predict prognosis of tumors by identification of enzymes, tumor specific antigens and tumor cell proliferation markers. It can diagnose cancer as benign or malignant and determine the stage and grade of tumor along with cell type and origin of metastasis.
41
plasma membrane is a
phospholipid bilayer. Polar phosphate head and non polar fatty acid tail. Unsaturated-bent tails
42
Functions of plasma membrane
1. physical barrier 2. selective permeability 3. Electrochemical gradient 4. communication
43
passive processes
simple and facilitated diffusion, osmosis
44
3 types of membrane receptors
channel linked, enzymatic, and G protein receptors
45
How do channel linked membrane receptors work?
Ligand binds and channel opens and allows ions to leave
46
How do Enzymatic receptors work?
ligand binds to receptor and causes the enzyme to be activated that phosphorylates other enzymes
47
2 types of ribosomes
free and ER bound
48
2 types of ribosomes
free and ER bound]
49
where do the proteins of free ribosomes go?
to mitochondria, peroxisomes and nucleus
50
where do proteins from ER bound ribosomes go?
secretory vesicles which get secreted to the cell or remain in the cell membrane. OR to lysosomes
51
what can break down proteins?
proteosomes
52
Functions of the ER?
1. Synthesis- provides a place for chemical reactions 2. Transport-moves molecules through the cisternal space from one part of the cell to another 3. Storage- stores newly synthesized molecules 4. detoxification-smooth ER detoxifies both drugs and alcohol
53
function of smooth ER
site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism and detoxifies both drugs and alcohol
54
Golgi apparatus functions
completes posttranslational modification of proteins synthesized in RER. Packages and addresses these proteins to proper destinations
55
secretory granules
found in cells that store a product such as a hormone or digestive enzymes until signaled to release by exocytosis. Concentrated from Golgi apparatus
56
Lysosomes function
intracellular digestion
57
Lysosomal storage disorders
rare inherited metabolic diseases that are characterized by an abnormal build up of various toxic material in the body cells and result in enzyme deficiencies that cause the lysosome to not be able to digest
58
tay sach's
deficiency of GM2-gangliosidase (break down fatty substance) and affects the nervous system
59
effects of tay Sachs disease
Loses muscle control. may lead to blindness, paralysis or death
60
Mitochondria
1. atp synthesis through aerobic respiration 2. extremely prevalent in cells that undergo active transport 3. absent in cells with low metabolic demand (RBC)
61
peroxisomes
spherical membrane organelles that have enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide
62
Centromere
Microtubular structure involved in mitosis that aligns chromosomes for separate daughter cells
63
cells for movement
muscle and other contractile cells
64
cells that form adhesive and tight junctions between cells
epithelial cells
65
cells that synthesize and secrete components of the ECM
fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage
66
Cells that convert physical and chemical stimuli to action potentials
neurons and sensory cels

Histology Lecture 1 & 2 on own (1 decks)

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