Histology Lab Exam Flashcards
Simple Squamous ET
Ok
Simple Cuboidal ET
1 Kidney tubules
Selective reabsorption
2 Small ducts of sweat glands
Excretion
3 Salivary glands
Secretion
4 Small ducts of pancreas
Secretion
5 Follicles of Thyroid Gland (low versus high)
Production of thyroid hormonesSimple Columnar ET
1 Lines the digestive tract
2 Forms the mucosa lining of the villi in the small intestine
3 Contains goblet cells which secrete mucin
4 Mucin and water combine to form mucous
5 Mucous is a protective and lubricating fluid
Functions: Is absorption of nutrients
Keratinized Stratified Squamous ET
1 Epidermis of the skin (thick and thin)
Strength and water proofing
Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous ET
1 Lines the Oral Cavity
2 Lines Oropharynx
3 Lines Esophagus
4 Lines Vagina
5 Lines Anal Canal
1 Protect against abrasion
2 Maintain moistureStratified Cuboidal ET
1 Large ducts of Sweat Glands and
2 Mammary glands
Provide Structural Support
Stratified Columnar ET
1 Parts of the Epiglottis,
2 Parts of Pharynx
3 Parts of Anus
4 Parts of Urethra
5 Parts of Excretory Ducts
Provide protectionSimple Ciliated Columnar ET
Lines Uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
Transport Material Through Lumen
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar ET
1 Lines Nasal Cavity
2 Lines Nasopharynx
3 Lines Trachea
4 Lines Bronchi
Remove Foreign Material and Bacteria.Pseudostratified Columnar ET (non-ciliated)
1 Lines the tubules of the epididymis
Regulate the Chemical Composition of the Fluid in the Lumen of the Tubules
Transitional ET
1 Lines Ureters and Urinary bladder
Distension
Glandular ET
The study of glandular epithelial tissue includes the histology of all glands.
The pancreas is one of the more interesting glands; as such, we will use it as an example of glandular epithelial tissue. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.
Endocrine Pancreas
Islets of Langerhans (endocrine system cells)
Alpha cells secrete glucagon in response to low blood sugar. Glucagon stimulates hydrolysis of glycogen (glycogenolysis). Glucagon also stimulates hydrolysis of fat (lipolysis) when glycogen stores are low, e.g., during fasting or prolonged exercise.
Beta cells secrete insulin in response to high blood sugar. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose. Glucose may be oxidized for ATP or may be used to synthesize glycogen (glycogenosis).
Exocrine Pancreas
The pancreatic acinar cells produce pancreatic enzymes. These enzymes travel through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum of the small intestine.
Cells of Connective Tissue
9 Total
1 Fibroblast - Produces collagen and elastic fibers.
2 Reticulocyte or Reticuloblast - Produces reticular fibers
3 Chondrocyte - Cartilage cell
4 Osteocyte - Bone cell
5 Adipocyte- Fat cell
6 Mast Cell - Produces heparin and histamine
7 Monocyte - Phagocytic WBC in the Vasculature
8 Macrophage- A monocyte that is in the interstitial space
9 Plasma Cell - Produces antibodies
Fibers of Connective Tissue
1 of 3 Fibers: Collagen
2 of 3 Fibers: Elastic
3 0f 03 Fibers: Reticular
1 Collagen - Strong, not flexible
2 Elastic Fibers - Not very strong but very flexible; functions include elasticity and extensibility
3 Reticular fibers- Highly branched, internal structure of lymphatic organs and liver, slightly flexible but not very strong
1 of 6 CT Proper: Loose or (Areolar) CT
Loosely arranged Collagen (thick) and Elastic fibers (thin). Contains Fibroblasts (produce collagen fibers and Elastic Fibers)Plasma Cells, Macrophages, and Mast Cells. Strong and flexible. Binds Skin to Muscles (superficial fascia) and surrounds muscles (deep fascia). Surrounds blood vessels and nerves. Fluid matrix which facilitates diffusion. Also found in the papillary region of the dermis (upper 1/5 to 1/4)
2 of 6 CT Proper:
Dense Irregular CT
Densely packed Collagen Fibers Dermis of Skin. Interwoven in all Directions. Contains Fibroblasts. Forms the Reticular Region of the Dermis (lower 3/4 to 4/5), Fibrous Capsules of Organs and Joints and Periosteum of Bone.
3 of 6 CT Proper:
Dense Regular CT or White Fibrous CT
Collagen Fibers that are Densely Packed. Parallel to the long axis of the Tendon or Ligament. Forms Tendons( bone to tissue) and Ligaments (bone to bone; also stabilize bones)
4 of 6 CT Proper:
Elastic CT
Elastic Fibers Interwoven into Sheets. Found in the Walls of Large Arteries and Lower Respiratory Tract. Contain Fibroblast. Aorta- Arteries ( allows arteries to expand and recoil). Extensible and elastic
5 of 6 CT Proper:
Reticular CT
Reticular Fibers are modified collagen fibers. Irregularly Arranged. Found lymphatic Organs (Liver, Spleen, Lymph Nodes, Thymus and Bone Marrow). Contains Reticuloblasts, Mast cells, and Macrophages. Copper color
6 of 6 CT Proper:
Adipose CT
Adipocytes
Located Throughout the Body but mainly in the Hypodermis. Store triglycerides. All organelles are pushed to the periphery. Covers the surface of the Heart, Omentum, around Kidneys, back of the Eye, and surrounds joints. Adipose protects, pads, stores fat (energy) and insulates.
1 of 2 Supporting CT: Compact or Dense Bone Supporting
Osteocytes (bone cell) living in Lacunae. Laying down concentric rings of calcium. Concentric Rings are Called Lamella. Lamella are formed by osteocytes laying down concentric rings. Nutrients pass through Minute canals called canaliculi carry nutrients between the Haversian canal and lacunae, and between adjacent lacunae.
Compact bones forms The outer side of bone.
Haversian systems; Center of Haversian System is called Haversian canal (dark whole). Running perpendicular to the plane is a small BV called a Nutrient Vessel. The canal contains a nerves and blood supply. The osteocytes are in spaces called lacunae within the matrix. Lacunae. Laying down concentric rings of calcium. Concentric Rings are Called Lamella. Lamella are formed by osteocytes laying down concentric rings. Nutrients pass through Minute canals called canaliculi carry nutrients between the Haversian canal and lacunae, and between adjacent lacunae.
2 of 2 Supporting CT: Spongy or Cancellous Bone Supporting CT
Forms the inner portion of flat bones and the epiphyses of long bones. Spongy bone is porous and highly vascular. Spongy bone makes the bone lighter and provides spaces for red bone marrow where hemopoiesis occurs.
Cartilage
Cartilage tissue is composed of chondrocytes contained within a matrix. The chondrocytes are contained within spaces called lacunae. Lacunae may contain one or several chondrocytes. Mature cartilage is avascular and thus very slow to heal following an injury.
1 of 3 Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage CT
Chondrocytes (cell) located Lacuna
Matrix
Most common cartilage in the body. Known as gristle in meat. Forms articular surfaces of bones called Articular Cartilage, found b/w ribs and sternum called Costal Cartilage. Forms the rings in trachea and upper respiratory tract, Hyaline Cartilage forms part of the nasal septum, (sternocostal joints) and Hyaline Cartilage forms the fetal skeleton.
2 of 3 Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage CT
Chondrocytes (cell) located Lacuna
Matrix
Very flexible cartilage containing elastic fibers. Found in the external ear, epiglottis, larynx, and auditory canal.
3 of 3 Cartilage: Fibrocartilage CT
Chondrocytes (cell) located Lacuna
Collagen Fiber
Strong and able to withstand compression. Fibrocartilage Forms the menisci of the knee, intervertebral disk, and symphysis pubis.
Blood or Vascular Tissue
RBC Erythrocytes
WBC Leukocytes
Blood is about 45% cells
55% plasma.
plasma is the liquid matrix in which the cells are suspended.
Plasma is 91.5% water and 7.5% protein.
Erythrocytes (RBC) make up 94% of the formed elements; their function is carry oxygen.
Mature red blood cells are anucleated and packed with hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein which binds oxygen.
Leukocytes (WBC) comprise 0.14% of the formed elements. These are important in immunity.
Thrombocytes (platelets) make up 6% of the formed elements. Platelets are important in clot formation (hemostasis)
1 of 3 Skeletal Muscle
Fiber Cells
fascicles
voluntary or striated muscle.
muscles are attached to the bones of the skeleton, and we have conscious control over them. The individual cells (fibers) are long and parallel to each other. They are often grouped into bundles called fascicles. At high magnifications, lines (striations) can be seen perpendicular to the long axis of the cell. The cells are multinucleate, and the nuclei are found superficially just under the plasma membrane.
2 of 3 Cardiac Muscle
The musculature found in the heart. Similar to skeletal muscle in that striations can be seen at high magnifications. The individual cells are branched and interconnected at special junctions called intercalated discs. Each cell has one nucleus.
3 of 3
Also known as involuntary muscle. This muscle type is found in the walls of internal organs, blood vessels, and bronchioles in the lungs. Individual cells are thick in the center and taper toward the ends, and contain a single nucleus. There are no striations in these cells. Collectively, they are typically arranged both circularly and longitudinally in the walls of an organ or blood vessel. Therefore on a typical slide preparation, you will see both transverse and longitudinal sections of this tissue at the same time
