Histology Exam Flashcards
This is the NERVOUS TISSUE.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Communicates throughout the whole body.
FUNCTION OF NEURON: sending and receiving neurotransmitters
This is the NERVOUS TISSUE again. With a closeup of one of the NEURONS. You can clearly see the AXON
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Communicates throughout the whole body.
FUNCTION OF NEURON: sending and receiving neurotransmitters
FUNCTION OF AXON: carry electrical impulses that are the means of communication within the brain and between the brain and the rest of the body.
This is the NERVOUS TISSUE at 400x. It has a lot of Nucleus throughout its tissue.
THE AXONS are the long thin lines kinda like wires (the black arrow) Axons are prominent.**
THE NEURONS are the darker splotches as seen by the blue arrows. The DENDRITES are the small whip-like proccesses that extend from the cell body.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Communicates throughout the whole body.
FUNCTION OF NEURON: sending and receiving neurotransmitters
FUNCTION OF AXON: carry electrical impulses that are the means of communication within the brain and between the brain and the rest of the body.
FUNCTION OF DENDRITES: to receive information from other neurons
This is the** NERVOUS TISSUE**. Which shows the general structure of a neuron.
Function: Communicates throughout the whole body.
DENDRITES are cellular structures found on neurons, they are typically thicker and shorter than axons. One neuron can have multiple Dendrites.
Function: Used by Neurons to receive incoming electrical signals
THE AXON is shown by the yellow strand. Which are typically long “wire” like strands. One neuron has one Axon.
Function: carries electrical impulses, which are the means of communication, to a “target cell”.
The MYELIN SHEATH sometimes coats the Axon which enhances their ability to transmit signals throughout the body.
The SCHWANN CELLS is a blot in the middle of the axon which myelinate axons of the PNS.
NODES OF RANVIER are the gaps formed between the myelin sheath
Function: allows the generation of a fast electrical impulse along the axon.
These are examples of the many categories of the EPITHELIAL TISSUE (ET)
- Simple Squamous (1 flat layer)
- Stratified Squamous (2 or more flat layers)
- Pseudo Stratified (They appear stratified but are all connected to the same basement membrane. They are false)
- Simple Cuboidal (Cubes in one row)
- Simple Columnar (Long Columns in one row)
- Stratified Cuboidal (Cubes stacked on each other in a row.)
This is the PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE. The PCCET is the darker brown row of cells. This slice is of the trachea.
Function: It allows for humidification and filtering of incoming air.
THE CILIA is the outer lining of the PCCET
Function: In the trachea, it beats in a coordinated fashion to move mucus up out of the respiratory tract.
the GOBLET CELLS are PCCET cells that make and secret mucus. They can be easily identified as they are a large collection of secretory vesicles that contain mucus (YUCK) They are oblong and grayish in structure.
This is the PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE (PCCET). The PCCET layer is pretty narrow.
Function: the secretion of mucus across the surface of the surface of the cell and movement of that substance across the surface (the Cilia).
Here is the SEM of the Trachea. The Cilia is very clear here (Long bristle like structure). The PCCET cells are just below the Cilia.
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ET
Technically this slide is made from stratified squamous ET from your cheek but because its smeared. So the cells in your cheek are Stratified Squamous.
Function: allows selective diffusion of materials to pass through. Diffusion helps with filtration, absorption and secretion functions. absorbtion and secretion
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ET
Function: allows selective diffusion of materials to pass through, osmosis and filtration. Diffusion helps with filtration, absorption, and secretion functions. absorbtion and secretion
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS ET IN ALVEOLI OF LUNGS
Function: allows selective diffusion of materials to pass through, osmosis and filtration. Diffusion helps with filtration, absorption, and secretion functions. absorbtion and secretion
Name the two tissue subtypes shown here
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS AND SIMPLE CUBOIDAL ET LINING BOWMAN’S CAPSULE IN THE KIDNEY
Function: allows selective diffusion of materials to pass through, osmosis and filtration. absorbtion and secretion
*keep in mind certain kidney preparations could have both simple squamous and simple cuboidal tissues.
KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS ET Function: protects the body against various external influences, such as mechanical stress, radiation, microbial penetra- tion, and exsiccation.
NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS ET IN ASOPHOGUS There is no keratinized out layer covering the stratified squamous ET.
Function: protects the body against various external influences, such as mechanical stress, radiation, microbial penetra- tion, and exsiccation.
NONKERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS ET FROM CORNEA OF EYE There is no keratinized out layer covering the stratified squamous ET.
Function: protects the body against various external influences, such as mechanical stress, radiation, microbial penetra- tion, and exsiccation.
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL ET It is clear that the cells are in a very uniform cube shape.
FUNCTION: absorbtion and secretion
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL ET
FUNCTION: absorbtion and secretion
NONCILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Notice the long columns of cells.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Absorbtion
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Absorbtion
FUNCTION OF GOBLET CELL: Secretes mucus
NONCILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Notice the columns of the cells how they are long and how the columanr cells are stacked like columns.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Absorbtion
FUNCTION OF GOBLET CELL: Secretes mucus
CILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR ET Notice the columns of the cells how they are long.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Absorbtion
FUNCTION OF CILIA: Moves mucus or other substances
FUNCTION OF GOBLET CELL: Secretes mucus
HYALINE CARTILAGE CT
Notice the smooth grayish-purple glassy appearance trapped within the LACUNA. In here you can see the CHONDROCYTES.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Helps your bone move smoothly past eachother in your joints.
FUNCTION OF LACUNA: provide a home for the cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional
FUNCTION OF CHONDROCYTES: responsible for the production of collagen and the extracellular matrix that will lead to the maintenance of cartilaginous tissues within joints. Responsible for cartilage formation.
HYALINE CARTILAGE ET
NOtice the bodys of CHONDROCYTES and shells of the lacuna spread out. The pink inside the LACUNA is the nuclei of the CHONDROCYTE.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: Helps your bone move smoothly past eachother in your joints.
FUNCTION OF LACUNA: provide a home for the cells it contains while also keeping them alive and functional
FUNCTION OF CHONDROCYTES: responsible for the production of collagen and the extracellular matrix that will lead to the maintenance of cartilaginous tissues within joints. Responsible for cartilage formation.
LOOSE ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
notice each white cellular blocks that fill the image, these are the ADIPOCYTES.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: energy storage and release, temperature insulation, organ protection, and hormone secretion.
FUNCTION OF ADIPOCYTE: calorie storage system accepting chemical energy in the form of glucose and fatty acid from the blood
LOOSE ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
notice each white cellular blocks that fill the image, these are the ADIPOCYTES.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: energy storage and release, temperature insulation, organ protection, and hormone secretion.
FUNCTION OF ADIPOCYTE: calorie storage system accepting chemical energy in the form of glucose and fatty acid from the blood
**LOOSE FIBROUS AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE **
The tissue looks like loose fibers and strands. The big “strands” are called the COLLAGEN FIBERS while the more skinny “strands” are called the ELASTIC FIBERS. The darker more oval shaped icons are the FIBROBLAST
FFUNCTION OF TISSUE: provides cushioning to many organs and tissues of the body.
FUNCTION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS: provides strength to the tissue, preventing it from being torn or separated from the surrounding tissues
FUNCTION OF ELASTIC FIBERS: provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues.
FUNCTION OF FIBROBLAST: makes and secretes the protein fibers of the extracellular matrix
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LOOSE FIBROUS AREOLAR CT
The tissue looks like loose fibers and strands. The big “strands” are called the COLLAGEN FIBERS while the more skinny “strands” are called the ELASTIC FIBERS. The darker more oval shaped icons are the FIBROBLAST
FFUNCTION OF TISSUE: provides cushioning to many organs and tissues of the body.
FUNCTION OF COLLAGEN FIBERS: provides strength to the tissue, preventing it from being torn or separated from the surrounding tissues
FUNCTION OF ELASTIC FIBERS: provide elasticity and resilience to the tissues.
FUNCTION OF FIBROBLAST: makes and secretes the protein fibers of the extracellular matrix
DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS CT
It looks dense and thick. You cant really make out stuff here as the tissue is almost in a wave like form. This is due to the layers of collagen that makes up the majority of the tissue. Note that it is difficult for light to penetrate this tissue making it hard for students to identify it.
FUNTION OF TISSUE: supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissues and organs in place.
FUNCTION OF COLLAGE FIBER: provides strength and cushioning to many different areas of the body, including the skin
DENSE REGULAR FIBROUS CT
It looks dense and thick. You cant really make out stuff here as the tissue is almost in a wave like form. This is due to the layers of collagen that makes up the majority of the tissue. Note that it is difficult for light to penetrate this tissue making it hard for students to identify it.
FUNTION OF TISSUE: supports, protects, and holds bones, muscles, and other tissues and organs in place.
FUNCTION OF COLLAGE FIBER: provides strength and cushioning to many different areas of the body, including the skin
DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CT It is found on the dermis of the skin. Compared to the regular, the irregular are arranged in many different types of directions instead of a flowing wave.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions
FUNCTION OF COLLAGEN FIBER: provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions.
DENSE IRREGULAR FIBROUS CT It is found on the dermis of the skin. Compared to the regular, the irregular are arranged in many different types of directions instead of a flowing wave.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions
FUNCTION OF COLLAGEN FIBER: provides strength, making the skin resistant to tearing by stretching forces from different directions.
BLOOD CONNECTIVE TISSUE
All of the gray/pink spheres are the ERYTHROCYTES while the larger purple spheres are the LEUKOCYTES.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: carry nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases and many other substances throughout the body.
FUNCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES (red blood cells): carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body.
FUNCTION OF LEUKOCYTES (white blood cells): circulate in the blood and mount inflammatory and cellular responses to injury or pathogens
BLOOD CT
All of the pink spheres are ERYTHROCYTES while the large blue/white are the LEUKOCYTES. The tiny tiny blue spheres and less common, are the PLATELETS.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: carry nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases and many other substances throughout the body.
FUNCTION OF ERYTHROCYTES (red blood cells): carry oxygen from the lungs and deliver it throughout our body.
FUNCTION OF LEUKOCYTES (white blood cells): circulate in the blood and mount inflammatory and cellular responses to injury or pathogens
FUNCTION OF PLATELETS: prevents and stops bleeding.
BONE CT
It resembles that of a tree trunk. The dark cracks are CANILICULI while the darker and mroe thicker areas are the LUCUNAE. Inside every LACUNAE is a trapped OSTEOCYTE. Each lacunae is connected by canals of the canaliculi.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: support, protection of organs,
FUNCTION OF CANILICULI: supply nutrients via blood vessels and provide a means of communication between osteocytes.
FUNCTION OF LACUNAE: supply osteocytes with blood
FUNCTION OF OSTEOCYTE: regulate local mineral deposition and chemistry at the bone matrix level,
BONE CT
I have used the trace function to outline a single OSTEON – the fundamental unit of bone. Each OSTEON resembles a tree trunk. If the OSTEON represents the entire tree trunk , then the lamellae are each “growth” ring that make up the osteon. The blue at the center is my attempt to circle the boundary of the CENTRAL CANAL, which is the center of the OSTEON through which blood and nerve vessels pass.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE:support, protection of organs, enabling movement, fat and mineral storage, and hematopoiesis.
FUNCTION OF OSTEON: form structural and functional units of cortical bone.
FUNCTION OF CENTRAL CANAL: carries cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE - INVOLUNTARY & STRIATED
This muscle have lines (striated) and contracts w/o conscious control (involuntary). Intercalated disks are junctions between cardiac muscle cells that connect those cells. Sarcolemma is the faint outline of each striation.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: is contraction to pump blood throughout your body.
FUNCTION OF INTERCALATED DISKS: allows for the movement of electrical current between cardiac muscle cells.
FUNCTION OF SARCOLEMMA: transmits impulses that lead to muscle contraction
SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE - VOLUNTARY & STRIATED
Notice the long cells. Also, skeletal muscle cells are the only cells in your body that have multiple nuclei in them.
FUNCTION OF TISSUE: produce voluntary movement through the contraction of the muscle cells. They also provide postural support
FUNCTION OF SARCOLEMMA: transmits neural excitatory impulses that lead to muscle contraction
SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE - INVOLUNTARY & NON STRIATED
Take note that there are no striations and that the smooth muscle cells are tapered, non-branched and will contain only a single nucleus. Smooth muscle is usually confused, by students, as dense fibrous connective tissue. The mistake is usually made due to the long pulled appearance of the cells. And, if you throw in a light stain, you have a similar appearance. Keep in mind that the nuclei will be more prominent in smooth muscle
MUSCLE OF TISSUE: contract (involuntary!) in order to move substances through hollow tubes or to change the shape of certain organs.
