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Digestive System > Histology- Digestive System > Flashcards

Histology- Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

General organization for the entire GI tract

Epithelium

4 layers

A

Epithelium: Stratified squamous or simple columnar

4 Layers: Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis Externa, Serosa o Adventitia

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2
Q

There are 4 types of mucus membranes.

A

Protective: stratified squamous epithelium

Secretory: simple columnar epithelium

Absorptive (nutrients): Simple columnar cells

Absorptive (Water and Electrolytes): simple columnar cells and switch to stratified squamous

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3
Q

Location of 4 types of mucus membrane

Protective - stratified squamous epithelium

Secretory - simple columnar epithelium

Absorptive (Nutrients) - Simple columnar cells

Absorptive (Water & Electrolytes) - Simple columnar cellswill switch to stratified squamous in anus

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine and switch to stratified squamous in anus

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4
Q

Type 1 of mucus membrane
where is it found?

A

Protective: stratified squamous
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and anus

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5
Q

Type 2 of mucus membrane
where is it found?

A

Secretory: Simple columnar epithelium
Stomach

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6
Q

Type 3 of mucus membrane
where is it found?

A

Absorptive (Nutrients) - Simple columnar cells
Small intestine

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7
Q

Type 4 of mucus membrane
where is it found?

A

Absorptive (water and electrolytes)- Simple columnar cells
Large intestine and switch to stratified squamous in the Anus

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8
Q

Identify the structure

A

F. Epithelium
E. Mucosa
D. Muscularis Mucosa
C. Submucosa
A-D: Muscularis externa: B. Inner circular layer and A. Outter longitudinal layer

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9
Q

Identify the organ

A

Esophagus

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10
Q

Esophagus: Identify each number and lines

A

1.Lamina propia
2.Stratified squamous Epithelium
3.Muscularis Mucosa
4.Duct
5.Mucus glands in the Submucosa (only on the esophagus and duodenum)
6.Inner Circular layer
7.Otter Longitudinal layer
8. Auerbach’s (or myenteric) plexus

Green line: Mucosa or mucus membrane
Blue line: Submucosa
Yellow line: Muscularis Externa
Adventitia is after the muscularis externa

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11
Q

Identify the organ

A

Esophagus

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12
Q

Identify the organ

A

Esophagus

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13
Q

Esophagus histology functions

A

Mucosa: composed of stratified Squamous Epithelium and lamina propia and muscularis mucosa

Submucosa: these glands secrete mucus to lubricate the esophagus and duodenum. Help passage of the food bolus.

Muscularis Externa: Transition from skeletal muscle in the upper portions (voluntary control) to Smooth muscle in the lower portion (involuntary control).

Large folds due to muscularis Externa.

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14
Q

Which type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the esophagus, providing a protective barrier against mechanical stress?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

What type of muscle transitions occurs in the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A

Transition from skeletal muscle to smooth muscle.
Transition from voluntary control to involuntary control

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16
Q

What is the function of the inner circular layer of muscularis externa in the esophagus?

A

Paristalsis: help movement of food into the stomach
Sphincter Function: The inner circular layer thicknes to form a lower esophageal sphincter (LES) at the lower end of the esophagus. Helps prevents acid reflux

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17
Q

Which layer of the esophagus contains mucus-secreting glands that facilitate the passage of food?

A

Submucosa

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18
Q

What external layer anchors the esophagus to surrounding structures in the thorax?

A

Adventitia

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19
Q

Which muscle type is found in the upper portion of the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A

Skeletal muscle

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20
Q

What structure in the esophagus helps prevent acid reflux?

A

Inner circular layer of muscularis externa: Lowe esophageal sphincter

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21
Q

What type of epithelial cells line in the small intestine for nutrient absorption?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells

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22
Q

Stomach histology

A

Mucosa: Simple Columnar Epithelium, Lamina Propia, Muscularis Mucosa, Gastric Pits, Gastric Glands

Submucosa

Muscularis Externa: 3 layers only in the stomach. Inner Oblique, Middle Circular and Outer Longitudinal

Adventitia

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23
Q

Gastric pits

A

-lined by simple columnnar cells that are Mucus-secreting cells

-are the opening of the gastric glands

-In the neck of the gastric pit mucus- neck cells are secrete and lined up

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24
Q

Gastric glands

A

-tubular structures that extend downwards from the bottom of the gastric pits into deeper layer of the stomach mucosa

-are located within the stomach

-they are composed of 5 types of cells that secrete different substances vital for digestion: Mucus-secreting cells, neck cells, Paritetal cells, chief cells, and enteroendocrine cells.

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25
Q

Mucus and Neck cells

A

-secrete mucus

-protect the stomach from digesting itself

-line the lumen and gastric pits

-found in the neck of the gastric pit

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26
Q

Parietal cells: Exocrine cells

A

-Secrete HCL for the hydrolysis of proteins

-HCL makes ph=2 (very acidic) a significant decrease in the Ph of the stomach and creates a strong acidic environment in the stomach for the hydrolysis of proteins ( breakdown of proteins into smaller parts).

-Fundus and body of the stomach have Parietal cells (for the production of HCL) and Chief cells (for the production of Pepsinogen)

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27
Q

Chief Cells: Exocrine cells

A

-Secrete Pepsinogen

-Pepsiogen+HCL=Pepsin (a protease) to breakdown protein

-when pepsiogen contacts the acidic enviroment in the stomach and its converted into pepsin, this is active and breaks down proteins.

-Fundus and body of the stomach have Chief cells

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28
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete substances through a duct to external or internal surfaces (enzymes, mucus, sweat, oil etc)see

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29
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Release hormones directly into the bloodstream without ducts.

30
Q

Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete the hormone gastrin

31
Q

Gastrin

A

Hormone thatstimulates the secretion of the HCL from parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells. Regulatory cells

32
Q

What type of cells line the gastric pits in this organ’s mucosa?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells or mucus-secreting cells

33
Q

Which cells in this organ secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

A

Parietal cells

34
Q

What are the unique 3 layers of muscularis externa found only in the stomach?

A

Innermost Oblique

Middle circular

Outer longitudinal

35
Q

What do chief cells secrete in the stomach, and what is its role in digestion?

A

Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in the presence of acidic conditions to break down proteins

36
Q

Which hormone is secreted by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach to stimulate the secretion of HCl?

A

Gastrin

37
Q

Muscle that is form from a thicken layer of middle circular layer

A

Pyloric Sphincter muscle

38
Q

Identify the organ and the numbers.

A

Stomach

1.Muscularis mucosa

2.Submucosa

3.Muscularis Externa: Inner oblique and Midde circle

4.Otter longitudinall

5.Adventitia

6.Mucosa

39
Q

Identify the organ

A

Stomach

40
Q

Small intestine Histology

A

Epithelium: Simpler columnar cells and lamina propia

Mucosa:
-Structure that increases surface area of the epithelium: Plica cicularis or circular folds, Villi, Microvilli

-Crypts of Lieberkühn: paneth cells and goblet cells
-Lacteal Vessels
-Peyers Patches

Submucosa: Brunners glands only un duodenum

Muscularis externa: Inner circular layer and Outer longitudinal layer

41
Q

Plica Circularis

A

Permanent circular folds of the mucosa and submucosa that increase surface area. They are found inside of the small intestine

42
Q

Villi

A

Macroscopic, finger-like projection of the mucosa that greatly increases the absorptive surface area.

43
Q

Microvilli

A

Microscopic folds on the apical surface of epithelial cells

44
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuehn

A

Glands located between the villi. Contain paneth cells and Goblet cells. contribute to both digestive processes and immune defense.

45
Q

Paneth Cells

A

located at the base of crypts. Secretes lysozymes (to lyse to destroy bacteria)

46
Q

Goblet cells

A

mucus-secreting cells provide lubrication and protection. look like water goblets

47
Q

Lacteal Vessels

A

Specialized lymphatic ducts within each villus that absorb and transport fats

48
Q

Peyers Patches

A

-aggregated lymphoid nodules
-MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)
-found in the ileum for immune survellance

49
Q

Duodenum Histology

A

Mucosa: Villi

Submucosa: Brunner’s glands

Muscularis externa: Inner circular layer or Circular Muscle and Outer longitudinal layer or longitudinal muscle

Enteroendocrine cells: Cholecytokinin (CCK) and Secretin

50
Q

Identify the organ

A

Duodenum

51
Q

Gastro-duodenal Junction

A

-Is a transition from gastric pits in the stomach to villi in the duodenum.
-the stomach ends, and the part of the small intestine begins (duodenum)

52
Q

What are the macroscopic projections in the mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption in this organ?

A

Villi

53
Q

What is the name of the specialized lymphatic ducts within each villus that absorb and transport fats?

A

Lacteal Vessels

54
Q

What glands located between the villi contain cells that secrete lysozymes?

A

Crypts of Lieberkühn

55
Q

What are the aggregated lymphoid nodules found in the small intestine called?

A

Peyer’s patches

56
Q

Brunners glands

A

-mucus-secreting glands in the submucosa

-submucosal mucus cells are only located in the esophagus and duodenum

-neutralize stomach acid entering the duodenum

57
Q

Enteroendocrine cells in the small intestine

A

-secrete 2 hormones in response to arrival of food

-Hormones CCK and Secretin

58
Q

cholecytokinin (CCK)

A

stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile aiding in fat digestion

59
Q

Secretin

A

stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich digestive juices helping neutralize gastric acid

60
Q

What increases the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A

Villi, microvilli, and plica circularis.

61
Q

What is the primary function of the simple columnar epithelium in this organ?

A

Absorption of nutrients

62
Q

Describe the structure of the muscularis externa in the small intestine

A

Inner cicular layer

outer longitudinal layer

63
Q

What microscopic structures form the brush border that enhances absorption in the small intestine?

A

microvilli

64
Q

Where are Brunner’s glands located in the small intestine?

A

in the duodenum

65
Q

What are Brunner’s glands, and where are they located within the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands are mucus-secreting glands located in the submucosa of the duodenum

66
Q

What specific function do the secretions of Brunner’s glands serve in the duodenum?

A

Their secretions neutralize stomach acid entering the duodenum from the stomach

67
Q

Jejunum Histology

A

1.Mucosa: Villi
2.Muscularis mucosae
3. Submucosa: Payers Patches (MALT)
4. Muscularis externa
5.Serosa

68
Q

Identify part of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

69
Q

Identify part of the small intestine

A

Jejunum

70
Q

Ilium Histology

A
  1. Mucosa: villi, Enterocytes cells, goblet cells, crypts, paneth cells
  2. Muscularis mucosae
  3. Submucosa: Payers Patches (MALT)
    4.Muscularis externa:

Digestive System (2 decks)

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