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GI system > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is covered by (non kreatinis) stratified squamous epithelium in the upper GI tract

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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2
Q

What is the difference between two thirds of the anterior tongue and the posterior third?

A

anterior - strat sqaumous epithelium, thin on underside (ventral) surface and with papillae on dorsal surface

posterior - smooth stratified sqaumous epithelium lacks papillae

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3
Q

What are papillae

A

buds on surface of tongue that increase surface area for the taste buds

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4
Q

What are the 4 different types of papillae

A
  • fungiform
  • circumvallate
  • foliate
  • filiform - NO TASTEBUDS but used to mechanically manipulate food
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5
Q

What does the ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx give rise to?

A

all the different types of tonsils

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6
Q

What are the six different layers of the tract?

A

1) mucosa (first 3) - epithelium
2) lamina propria - loose connective tissue
3) muscularis mucosae - thin layer of smooth muscle
4) submucosa - dense irregular connective tissue
5) muscularis externa - inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
6) serosa or adventitia - outer layer of connective tissue

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7
Q

is the transition to different types of epithelium smooth?

A

no very abrupt and can change when moving to a different organ almost instantaneously

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8
Q

What are gastric pits and gastric glands?

A
  • a hole in the flat surface of the stomach

- glands - these lie at the bottom of the gastric pits

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9
Q

What are the pits lined by?

A

lined by surface mucous cells

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10
Q

In gastric glands, what is the function of a chief cell and a parietal cell?

A
  • C - digestive enzyme secreting cell

- P - hydrochloric acid producing cell

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11
Q

How does the mucosa differ in the cardia, body and pylorus of the stomach?

A

(columnar epithelium)

cardia - deep gastric pits that branch into tortuous glands

body - shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands

pylorus - deep gastric pits with branched glands at a greater density than cardia

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12
Q

what does the oblique layer of the muscularis externa of the stomach do?

A

aids in the churning action of stomach

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13
Q

describe the surface view of the small intestine

A

finger like projections (villi) and between them there are drilled down pits - crypts of lieberkuhn (simple columnar)

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14
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine? how are brunners glands stimulated

A

duodenum - contains brunners glands receives acidic partially digested food called chyme. Brunners glands secrete alkaline material to neutralise the chyme

jejunum - tallest villi

ileum - shorted villi and aggregations of lymphoid follicles called peyer’s patches

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15
Q

describe these cells: enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells and stem cells

A
  • enterocytes - most numerous, tall columnal cells with brush border so are principle absorptive cell
  • goblet cells - produce mucous and lubricate passage of material
  • paneth - defensive function and regulate bacterial flora - base of liebarkuhn
  • enteroendocrine - hormones that control secretion and motility
  • stem - divide to replenish epithelium
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16
Q

What are the two main types of cells in the large intestine?

A
  • absorptive cells - removal of salts and thereby water

- goblet cells - secretion of mucous to lubricate colon

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17
Q

How are the cells of the large intestine arranged?

A

test tube racks - (simple columnar) straight tubular glands that extend down to muscularis mucosae

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18
Q

Where is the outer longitudinal smooth muscle found in the large intestine?

A

3 muscular strips called teniae coli

19
Q

where is the appendix found?

A

blind ending hollow extension of the cecum - lymphoid tissue tends to die with age

20
Q

what does parenchyma mean?

A

cells that carry out the function of an organ

21
Q

What are parenchyma liver cells composed of?

A

glandular epithelial cells

22
Q

What are some functions of the parenchymal liver cells?

A

syntheis and secretion of bile, detoxification, synthesis cholesterol

23
Q

What is the histology of the liver?

A

covered by collagenous connective tissue capsule - covered by a layer of mesothelial cells

24
Q

Describe its structure:

A
  • made up of segments called lobules - a wee bit like a hexagon
  • each lobule - branch of a hepatic vein in the centre of it and portal triads at each corner
25
Q

What does a portal triad consist of?

A
  • hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery
  • contain a third branch which leaves the liver in the opposite direction - bile duct)
  • the bile ductule at the portal triad is lined by cells called cholangiocytes
  • the tract also contains lymphatic vessels
26
Q

What are the main cells of the liver?

A

hepatocytes - sheets of cells with spaces in between them for blood to flow = sinusoids

27
Q

What is the space of disse?

A
  • narrow space between these lining cells (endothelial cells) and the hepatocytes
  • liquid component of blood has free access of hepatocytes
28
Q

How is the parenchyma of the liver supported?

A
  • reticular fibres (collagenous connective tissue)
29
Q

What is a common pathology regarding stellate cells? (found in space of dissee)

A

transform into myofIbroblasts and produce scar tissue in liver (store vitamin A in their fat droplets)

30
Q

what is the purpose of kupffer cells?

A
  • remove particulate matter form the blood and help remove worn out red blood cells
  • RESIDENT MACROPHAGE
31
Q

What is bile and why is it necessary?

A
  • alkaline solution - water, ions, bile salts, bilirubin

- emulsification of fats in GI tract

32
Q

Why is your shit brown?

A

bilirubin is a pigment that comes from breakdown of haemoglobin in spleen and when excreted in bile it causes brown faeces

33
Q

How is bile produced?

A

produced by hepatocytes and flows via bile canaliculi towards the bile duct in the portal triad

34
Q

What are bile canaliculi?

A

small channels formed by tight junctions in the cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes

35
Q

What are the different types of glands in the pancreas?

A

exocrine - produces digestive juice to breakdown many things, enter dudenum via the pancreatic duct

endocrine - small, scattered islands of tissue called islets of langerhans which produce insulin and glucagon

36
Q

what are the enzymes produced called in the exocrine pancreas?

A

inactive proenzymes and once in the duodenum - trypsinogen turns into trypsin by enteropetidase which results in the activation of other enzymes

37
Q

why are some basophilic and other eosinophilic? (positioning)

A
  • baso = extensive RER

- apical (eosin) = presence of zymogen granules

38
Q

what are centroacinar cells?

A

smallest ducts in the pancreas extend into the acinus

39
Q

What is the the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of vater)

A

main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and opens into the duodenum on a paillae

40
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A
  • muscular sac that stores bile, modifies the bile stored within it
  • most of the volume of the bile arriving from the liver is removed by the gall bladder by actively pumping different ions into the spaces between ep cells
  • water then goes into the spaces which become distended with fluid
41
Q

how is the gall bladder stimulated to contract and deliver bile to the liver?

A

nerous control (vagal) and release of hormones

42
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gall bladder

What is the epithelium lined by?

A
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium backed by lamina propria of loose connective tissue, coat of smooth muscle and outer collagenous layer of adventitia
  • lined by tall columnar epithelial cells with a brush border
43
Q

what is cholecystitis?

A

inflammation of the gall bladder - eg gallstones have obstructed the cystic duct leading expansion of gall bladder thickening the walls and causing inflammation

GI system (8 decks)

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