Histology

Question 1

what are the 4 sections of the blood supply to the kidney?

Answer 1

renal artery - interlobar arteries - arcuate artery - interlobular arteries

Question 2

in what part of the kidney is the interlobular artery only present?

Answer 2

renal cortex

Question 3

which arteries supply the glomerulus?

Answer 3

interlobular arteries

Question 4

what makes up renal corpuscles?

Answer 4

glomerular capillaries and Bowman’s space

Question 5

Describe the venous drainage of the kidney

Answer 5

interlobular vein - arcuate vein - interlobar vein - renal vein

Question 6

why do proximal tubules take up more stain than distal tubules?

Answer 6

high numbers of mitochondria present due to their high level of active transport

Question 7

why is the lumen of the proximal tubule more difficult to see?

Answer 7

brush boarder of micro villi

Question 8

how can vasa recta capillaries be easily identified in section?

Answer 8

presence of erythrocytes rather than fluid

Question 9

where are medullary rays located?

Answer 9

centre of a lobule in cortex not medulla

Question 10

what are medullary rays formed of?

Answer 10

rays of medullary tissue formed of parts of loops of Henle and collecting ducts associated with cortical nephrons

Question 11

what smooth muscle layers are seen in the ureter?

Answer 11

longitudinal and circular

Question 12

what are the 3 layers of urothelium?

Answer 12

basal layer, intermediate layers, surface cells

Question 13

what is the function of surface urothelial cells?

Answer 13

form a watertight barrier and unable stretch

Question 14

how do umbrella cells of urothelium form a watertight barrier?

Answer 14

luminal membranes are thick with a high lipid content, desmosomes and tight junctions on lateral boarders of cells

Question 15

how do umbrella cells allow stretch of urothelium?

Answer 15

pleated quality so that they can quickly lengthen

Question 16

how is muscle arranged in the bladder?

Answer 16

circular, longitudinal and oblique to allow contraction in all directions

Question 17

how can the oesophagus be identified histologically?

Answer 17

dense stratified squamous epithelium

submucosal glands

Question 18

how can the stomach be identified histologically?

Answer 18

gastric pits
mucous secreting cells
mucosa full of gastric glands
parietal cells (pink with clear nucleus)
oblique muscle

Question 19

how can the duodenum be identified histologically?

Answer 19

long villi, crypts, Brunner’s (submucosal) glands, myenteric plexus between circular and longitudinal muscularis mucosae

Question 20

how can the jejunum be identified histologically?

Answer 20

intermediate sized villi, crypts and circular/spiral folds

Question 21

how can the ileum be identified histologically?

Answer 21

small and fat villi, crypts, Peyer’s patches (lymphoid tissue)

Question 22

how can the large intestine be identified histologically?

Answer 22

crypts filled with mucous secreting goblet cells

Question 23

what do stains act according to?

Answer 23

acidic or basic nature of the cell components at the pH being used

Question 24

what sort of structures may be shown by basophillic dyes?

Answer 24

DNA and RNA

Question 25

what sort of structures may be shown by acidophilic dye?

Answer 25

RBC and proteins

Question 26

what colour will basophilic dyes stain?

Answer 26

blue

Question 27

what colour will acidophilic dyes stain?

Answer 27

red

Question 28

what are 2 of the most commonly used stains?

Answer 28

haematoxillin and eosin

trichromones

Question 29

what is haematoxillin and eosin stain used for?

Answer 29

nuclear stain and acidic dye

Question 30

what is trichromones stain used for?

Answer 30

differentiation between muscle and connective tissue