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(M) MSK Histology and Embryology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

are skeletal muscles:

  • non-/striated
  • un/branched
  • single/multinucleated
A

striated
unbranched
multinucleated

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2
Q

where are the nuclei in skeletal muscle

A

periphery, just under sarcolemma

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3
Q

what is a fasicle and how many are in one muscle

A

bundles of muscle fibres, many

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4
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle

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5
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue surrounding one fasicle

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6
Q

endomysium

A

connective tissue surrounding a single muscle fibre

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7
Q

what else do muscles contain

A

blood vessels, connective tissue, nerves and lymphatics

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8
Q

how many myofibrils are in one muscle and what are they composed of

A

many, sarcomeres

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9
Q

what gives the appearance of striations

A

the Z-discs of adjacent sarcomeres are aligned with one another as are the alternating light and dark bands giving the appearance of striations

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10
Q

what does a motor unit consist of

A

a motor neurone and all the muscle fibres it innervates

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11
Q

the less/more of the muscle fibres in a motor unit the finer the control

A

less

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12
Q

what does each branch of a motor neurone end in

A

neuromuscular junction

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13
Q

what is the speed of contraction of type I muscle fibres and what do they depend on

A

slow, oxidative metabolism

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14
Q

describe type I muscle fibre’s resistance to fatigue and their force

A

resistant to fatigue, loss force

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15
Q

what are abundant in type I muscle fibres but not in type IIb

A

mitochondria and myoglobin

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16
Q

what is the speed of contraction of type IIa muscle fibres and what is their resistance to fatigue

A

relatively fast and reasonably resistant to fatigue

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17
Q

what is the speed of contraction of type IIb muscle fibres and what do they depend on

A

fast, anaerobic metabolism

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18
Q

describe type IIb muscle fibre’s resistance to fatigue and their force

A

fatigue easily, produce greater force

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19
Q

what are (a) type I (b) type IIb muscle fibres also called

A

(a) red fibres (b) white fibres

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20
Q

how do cartilage cells get nutrients

A

diffusion across ECM

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21
Q

how do bone cells get nutrients

A

blood vessels that pervade tissue

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22
Q

which of cartilage or bone is permeable

A

cartilage

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23
Q

where are chondrocytes found

A

in the lacunae of ECM in cartilage

24
Q

function of chondrocytes

A

secrete and maintain ECM

25
Q

what is ECM composed of

A

75% water
25% organic material
- type II collagen
- proteoglycan aggregates

26
Q

what does the type II collagen form in the ECM

A

3D meshwork

27
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

28
Q

describe the appearance of hyaline cartilage

A

blue-white and translucent

29
Q

what is the most common form of cartilage

A

hyaline

30
Q

what type of cartilage is ECM

A

hyaline

31
Q

describe the appearance of elastic cartilage

A

yellow

32
Q

features of elastic cartilage

A

flexible due to adhesion of elastic fibres

33
Q

describe the makeup fibrocartilage

A

hybrid between a tendon and hyaline cartilage, dense type I collagen bands interweaved with rows of chondrocytes surrounded by a small amount of cartiligenous ECM

34
Q

functions of bone

A

support, levers for movement, protection, calcium store, haemopoiesis

35
Q

describe the changes in haemopoiesis throughout life

A

begins before birth and is main site by birth, by early 20s only the axial and limb-girdle skeleton is involved .

36
Q

composition of bone

A

bioapatite (calcium phosphate), water, collagen, non-collagen proteins

37
Q

2 types of bone

A

dense cortical outer bone making up diaphysis

cancellous or trabecular bone at epiphyses

38
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

fine meshwork

39
Q

what is the difference between compact and cancellous bone

A

presence of marrow cavities adjacent to cancellous bone but both are lamellar

40
Q

where are cement lines found

A

in osteons formed during remodelling

41
Q

what cells are in bone types of bone

A

osteocytes

42
Q

what canals are in compact bone and what is present in them

A

Haversian

blood vessels

43
Q

how do osteocytes survive in trabecular bone

A

struts are thin, contact with marrow spaces

44
Q

osteoprogenitor cells, location and function

A

located on bone surface, pool of reserve osteoblasts q

45
Q

osteoblasts, location, function and prominent organelles

A

located on surface of developing bone, form bone and have plentiful RER and mitochondria

46
Q

osteocytes, cell type and funtion

A

bone cell trapped within bone matrix

47
Q

osteoclasts, descroption, location and function

A

large and multi-nucleated, bone surface and bone resorption

48
Q

how does bone remodelling occur

A

osteoclasts will congregate and drill into bone, forming a tunnel
blood vessels grow into the tunnel bringing osteoblasts with them, these line the tunnel and lay down new lamellar bone
process continues until only the space of a Haversian Canal remains

49
Q

what is a basic multicellular unit (BMU)

A

collection of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

50
Q

what do osteoblasts secrete

A

collagen, GAGs, proteoglycans and other organic components of the matrix - osteoid

51
Q

describe bone mineralisation

A

osteoid secreted by osteoblasts mineralise over time in the extracellular space

52
Q

what is the mineral of bone made up of

A

calcium phosphate crystals (especially hydroxyapatite)

53
Q

what cells are osteoclasts derived from

A

macrophages

54
Q

how is bone laid down after a break

A

in a haphazard fashion into woven bone

55
Q

how and why is woven bone remodelled to lamellar vone

A

it is broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by osteoblasts as it is not as strong

(M) MSK Histology and Embryology (3 decks)

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