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Gastroenterology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Oral cavity, orpharnyx and laryngopharynx epithelium characteristics (3)

A

Stratified
Squamous
NOT keratinized

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2
Q

Nasal cavity and nasopharynx epithelium

A

Respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue epithelium characteristics (3)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Thin on ventral surface
Thick and with papillae on dorsal surface

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4
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue epithelium characteristics (3)

A

Smooth stratified squamous epithelium
Lacks papillae except for circumvallate papillae
But has lymphoid aggregates in submucosa

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5
Q

Tongue papillae types (4)

A

Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate
Filiform - Only type with no taste buds and occupies much of dorsal surface

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6
Q

Entrance to oropharynx (2)

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue composed of adenoids

Contains deep crypts lined with stratified squamous epithelium and lymphoid follicles

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7
Q

General length and structures of digestive tract wall (5)

A 
7-10m
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
Serosa or adventitia
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8
Q

Mucosa components (3)

A

Mucous membrane - Epithelium siting on basal lamina , exocrine and endocrine gland cells
Lamina propria - Capillaries, enteric neurones, gut associated lymphoid tissue
Muscularis mucosae - Thin smooth muscle layer

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9
Q

Submucosa components (4)

A

Loose connective tissue
Larger blood and lymph vessels
Glands
Submucosa plexus

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10
Q

Muscularis propria

components (3)

A

Inner circular muscle layer
Myenteric plexus
Outer longitudinal muscle layer

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11
Q

Serosa or Adventitia mainly made of

A

Connective tissue suspending digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

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12
Q

Vital feature of muscularis mucosae in pathology

A

Indicates malignancy through epithelium infiltration

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13
Q

Proportions of skeletal and smooth muscle in the oesophagus (2)

A

Upper 1/3 is skeletal

Lower 2/3 is smooth muscle - Muscularis propria is not involved in peristalsis

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14
Q

Gastro-oesophageal junction epithelium

A

Abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to simple columnar epithelium of stomach cardia

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15
Q

Cross-section and surface view of stomach (3)

A

Relatively flat surface
Contains holes - Gastric pits
Bottom of gastric pits contains 1-7 gastric glands

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16
Q

Gastric pits characteristics (2)

A

Extends until muscularis propria

Lined by surface mucous cells with mucous cups

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17
Q

Cells of gastric glands organisation and types (4)

A

Not evenly distributed
Isthmus contains parietal/oxyntic and stem cells
Neck contains neck mucous and parietal/oxyntic cells
Fundus (base) contains chief, neuroendocrine cells and a few parietal/oxyntic cells

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18
Q

Chief cell main feature and function (2)

A

Contains many rough ER

Secretes digestive enzymes

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19
Q

Parietal/oxyntic cell main feature and function (3)

A

Has crevices for SA increase
Many mitochondria
Produces HCl

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20
Q

Stomach regions and mucosa types (3) - Just for learning (Wont be tested)

A

Cardia - Deep gastric pits branching into loosely packed, tortuous glands
Body - Shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands
Pylorus - Deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in cardia

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21
Q

Muscularis propria unique feature in stomach characteristics and function (3)

A

Contains an additional oblique layer
Located internal to circular layer
Aids in churning action

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22
Q

Gastroduodenal junction epithelium (2)

A

Abrupt transition from stomach to duodenum mucosa (Remains as simple columnar)
Inner, circular smooth muscle layer is thickened to form pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

Cross-Section and Surface View of Small Intestine (2)

A

Has finger like projections - Villi

Between bases of adjacent villi are pits - Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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24
Q

Length of small intestine and its components (4)

A

6m
Duodenum - 25cm
Jejunum - 2.5m
Ileum - 3.5m

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25
Duodenum unique feature
Contains Brunner’s glands in submucosa - Secretes thin, alkaline mucus in the presence of chyme to neutralise it
26
Jejunum unique features (3)
Tallest villi Located on permanent circular folds of mucosa and submucosa - Plicae circularis Infrequent lymphoid follicles
27
Ileum unique features (2)
Shorter villi Lymphoid follicle aggregations found in submucosa (Often extends to lamina propria)- Peyer's patches (Gut associated lymphoid tissue)
28
Cells of small intestine epithelium (5)
``` Enterocytes Goblet cells Paneth cells Neuroendocrine cells Stem cells ```
29
Enterocytes characteristics (3)
Highest cell number Simple columnar cells with brush border Main absorptive cell
30
Goblet cells characteristics (3)
Produces mucus Protects epithelium Lubricates passage of material
31
Paneth cells characteristics (2)
Found at base of crypts of Lieberkuhn | Regulates bacterial flora by secreting lysozymes
32
Neuroendocrine cells characteristics (2)
Produces hormones | Controls motility and secretion
33
Stem cells characteristics (2)
Found at base of crypts of Lieberkuhn | Divide to replenish epithelium
34
What type of cancer is the most common in the colon
Adenocarcinomas
35
Brunner's gland stain and colour
Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and haematoxylin | Magenta
36
Plicae circularis structure (3)
Folds with villi Villi project upward and at their base Tubular crypts of Lierberkuhn burrow downwards
37
Large intestine unique feature (2)
Outer longitudinal layer gets bundles into 3 big strips of lumps which are grossly visible - Teniae coli It is not continuous
38
Large intestine cell types and function (2)
Absorptive cells - Absorbs electrolytes and water | Goblet cells
39
Large intestine epithelium
Arranged in straight, tubular glands (crypts) extending to muscularis mucosae
40
Appendix unique features (4)
Blind ending hollow extension of cecum Structure same as colon but crypts are less abundant There is a circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and lamina propria The lymphoid tissue tends to decline with age
41
Rectoanal junction epithelium characteristics (2)
Distinct junction between simple columnar epithelium and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of anal canal It becomes keratinized in the 2-3 cm long anal canal
42
What is the liver and pancreas parenchyma composed of
Glandular epithelial cells supported by reticular fibres (Type 3 collagen)
43
Liver capsule is made of
Collagenous connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
44
Liver structure (2)
Made of segments called lobules that are hexagonal in shape Each lobule has a branch of the hepatic vein called the centrolobular vein (central vein) at its centre and portal triads at each corner
45
Interlobular portal triads characteristic and composition
Branches of vessels entering at the porta hepatis | Consists of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ductule and lymphatic vessels
46
What cells line the bile ductule
Simple cuboidal cells called cholangiocytes
47
Hepatocytes characteristics (3)
Polyhedral epithelial cells Arranged in plates/sheets with spaces in between for blood flow Blood channels are called sinusoids
48
Blood flow in liver lobules
From portal triads to surroundings central veins
49
2 ways in looking at how the liver functions
Classic hepatic lobule | Hepatic acinus
50
Sinusoids structure (4)
Lined by endothelial cells Narrow space is present between endothelial cells and hepatocytes - Space of Disse (Contains Type 1 collagen) Microvilli of hepatocytes project into this space Sinusoid endothelium is fenestrated so liquid component of blood has access to hepatocytes but not the blood cells
51
Hepatic stellate cells characteristics (4)
Found scattered in space of Disse They are modified fibroblasts and make connective tissue Stores vitamin A within fat droplets in cytoplasm In cirrhosis they transform into myofibroblasts and produce scar tissue in the liver
52
Kupffer cells location and functions (3)
Macrophages scattered within sinusoids Removes particulates from blood Help remove worn out RBC
53
Bile characteristics (4)
Alkaline solution containing water, ions, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts Vital for fat emulsification Primary bile produced by hepatocytes is modified in several ways by cholangiocytes Example of bile modification is addition of bicarbonate ions and water
54
Why is poop brown (2)
Due to bilirubin - Breakdown product of haemoglobin in spleen Changes to brown when excreted in bile
55
Bile production and transport (3)
By all hepatocytes Bile flows through bile canaliculi towards bile ducts in portal tracts Away but not from central vein
56
Bile canaliculi structure (2)
1 micrometer in diameter | Small channels formed by tight junctions in cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes
57
Gall bladder structure (4)
Lined by simple columnar epithelium with a brush border Lamina propria of loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels Thin layer of smooth muscle Collagenous layer of adventitia
58
Gall bladder functions (2)
Stores and modifies bile | Has folded mucosa when empty - This flattens when distended
59
Bile and the gall bladder (3)
Most of bile volume is removed from active Na and Cl ion pumping into spaces between adjacent epithelial cells Water moves with increased osmotic pressure and is carried away by lymphatic vessels of lamina propria -This concentrates bile by a factor of 9 The gall bladder is is stimulated to contract by nervous control and hormone cholecystokinin by endocrine cells of duodenum when fatty food enters
60
Cholecystitis (2)
Gall bladder inflammation | Gallstone obstructs cystic duct causing gall bladder expansion, muscle layer thickening and inflammation
61
Exocrine pancreas function (2)
Produces digestive juices containing proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylase which enters duodenum via pancreatic duct Enzymes are produced as inactive proenzymes where enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen into trypsin - Protective mechanism for pancreas
62
Exocrine pancreas structures (4)
Resembles parotid gland Contains many serous acini (acinus singular) and intercalated ducts made of centroacinar cells Basal part of cells are basophilic due to large RER amounts Apical part of cells are eosinophilic due to zymogen granules
63
Endocrine pancreas properties (2)
``` Consists of small, scattered islands of tissue - Islets of Langerhans (Makes 1-2% of pancreas) Produces insulin (beta), glucagon (alpha), gamma (pancreatic polypeptide) ```
64
What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla
Where the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and opens into the duodenum on a papillae

Gastroenterology (11 decks)

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