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Gastroenterology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Oral cavity, orpharnyx and laryngopharynx epithelium characteristics (3)

A

Stratified
Squamous
NOT keratinized

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2
Q

Nasal cavity and nasopharynx epithelium

A

Respiratory epithelium

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3
Q

Anterior 2/3 of tongue epithelium characteristics (3)

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
Thin on ventral surface
Thick and with papillae on dorsal surface

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4
Q

Posterior 1/3 of tongue epithelium characteristics (3)

A

Smooth stratified squamous epithelium
Lacks papillae except for circumvallate papillae
But has lymphoid aggregates in submucosa

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5
Q

Tongue papillae types (4)

A

Fungiform
Circumvallate
Foliate
Filiform - Only type with no taste buds and occupies much of dorsal surface

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6
Q

Entrance to oropharynx (2)

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue composed of adenoids

Contains deep crypts lined with stratified squamous epithelium and lymphoid follicles

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7
Q

General length and structures of digestive tract wall (5)

A 
7-10m
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
Serosa or adventitia
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8
Q

Mucosa components (3)

A

Mucous membrane - Epithelium siting on basal lamina , exocrine and endocrine gland cells
Lamina propria - Capillaries, enteric neurones, gut associated lymphoid tissue
Muscularis mucosae - Thin smooth muscle layer

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9
Q

Submucosa components (4)

A

Loose connective tissue
Larger blood and lymph vessels
Glands
Submucosa plexus

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10
Q

Muscularis propria

components (3)

A

Inner circular muscle layer
Myenteric plexus
Outer longitudinal muscle layer

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11
Q

Serosa or Adventitia mainly made of

A

Connective tissue suspending digestive tract or attaches it to other organs

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12
Q

Vital feature of muscularis mucosae in pathology

A

Indicates malignancy through epithelium infiltration

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13
Q

Proportions of skeletal and smooth muscle in the oesophagus (2)

A

Upper 1/3 is skeletal

Lower 2/3 is smooth muscle - Muscularis propria is not involved in peristalsis

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14
Q

Gastro-oesophageal junction epithelium

A

Abrupt transition from stratified squamous epithelium of oesophagus to simple columnar epithelium of stomach cardia

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15
Q

Cross-section and surface view of stomach (3)

A

Relatively flat surface
Contains holes - Gastric pits
Bottom of gastric pits contains 1-7 gastric glands

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16
Q

Gastric pits characteristics (2)

A

Extends until muscularis propria

Lined by surface mucous cells with mucous cups

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17
Q

Cells of gastric glands organisation and types (4)

A

Not evenly distributed
Isthmus contains parietal/oxyntic and stem cells
Neck contains neck mucous and parietal/oxyntic cells
Fundus (base) contains chief, neuroendocrine cells and a few parietal/oxyntic cells

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18
Q

Chief cell main feature and function (2)

A

Contains many rough ER

Secretes digestive enzymes

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19
Q

Parietal/oxyntic cell main feature and function (3)

A

Has crevices for SA increase
Many mitochondria
Produces HCl

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20
Q

Stomach regions and mucosa types (3) - Just for learning (Wont be tested)

A

Cardia - Deep gastric pits branching into loosely packed, tortuous glands
Body - Shallow gastric pits with long straight gastric glands
Pylorus - Deep gastric pits with branched, coiled gastric glands at a higher density than in cardia

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21
Q

Muscularis propria unique feature in stomach characteristics and function (3)

A

Contains an additional oblique layer
Located internal to circular layer
Aids in churning action

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22
Q

Gastroduodenal junction epithelium (2)

A

Abrupt transition from stomach to duodenum mucosa (Remains as simple columnar)
Inner, circular smooth muscle layer is thickened to form pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

Cross-Section and Surface View of Small Intestine (2)

A

Has finger like projections - Villi

Between bases of adjacent villi are pits - Crypts of Lieberkuhn

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24
Q

Length of small intestine and its components (4)

A

6m
Duodenum - 25cm
Jejunum - 2.5m
Ileum - 3.5m

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25
Q

Duodenum unique feature

A

Contains Brunner’s glands in submucosa - Secretes thin, alkaline mucus in the presence of chyme to neutralise it

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26
Q

Jejunum unique features (3)

A

Tallest villi
Located on permanent circular folds of mucosa and submucosa - Plicae circularis
Infrequent lymphoid follicles

27
Q

Ileum unique features (2)

A

Shorter villi
Lymphoid follicle aggregations found in submucosa (Often extends to lamina propria)- Peyer’s patches (Gut associated lymphoid tissue)

28
Q

Cells of small intestine epithelium (5)

A 
Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Paneth cells
Neuroendocrine cells
Stem cells
29
Q

Enterocytes characteristics (3)

A

Highest cell number
Simple columnar cells with brush border
Main absorptive cell

30
Q

Goblet cells characteristics (3)

A

Produces mucus
Protects epithelium
Lubricates passage of material

31
Q

Paneth cells characteristics (2)

A

Found at base of crypts of Lieberkuhn

Regulates bacterial flora by secreting lysozymes

32
Q

Neuroendocrine cells characteristics (2)

A

Produces hormones

Controls motility and secretion

33
Q

Stem cells characteristics (2)

A

Found at base of crypts of Lieberkuhn

Divide to replenish epithelium

34
Q

What type of cancer is the most common in the colon

A

Adenocarcinomas

35
Q

Brunner’s gland stain and colour

A

Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) and haematoxylin

Magenta

36
Q

Plicae circularis structure (3)

A

Folds with villi
Villi project upward and at their base
Tubular crypts of Lierberkuhn burrow downwards

37
Q

Large intestine unique feature (2)

A

Outer longitudinal layer gets bundles into 3 big strips of lumps which are grossly visible - Teniae coli
It is not continuous

38
Q

Large intestine cell types and function (2)

A

Absorptive cells - Absorbs electrolytes and water

Goblet cells

39
Q

Large intestine epithelium

A

Arranged in straight, tubular glands (crypts) extending to muscularis mucosae

40
Q

Appendix unique features (4)

A

Blind ending hollow extension of cecum
Structure same as colon but crypts are less abundant
There is a circular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and lamina propria
The lymphoid tissue tends to decline with age

41
Q

Rectoanal junction epithelium characteristics (2)

A

Distinct junction between simple columnar epithelium and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of anal canal
It becomes keratinized in the 2-3 cm long anal canal

42
Q

What is the liver and pancreas parenchyma composed of

A

Glandular epithelial cells supported by reticular fibres (Type 3 collagen)

43
Q

Liver capsule is made of

A

Collagenous connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)

44
Q

Liver structure (2)

A

Made of segments called lobules that are hexagonal in shape
Each lobule has a branch of the hepatic vein called the centrolobular vein (central vein) at its centre and portal triads at each corner

45
Q

Interlobular portal triads characteristic and composition

A

Branches of vessels entering at the porta hepatis

Consists of hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile ductule and lymphatic vessels

46
Q

What cells line the bile ductule

A

Simple cuboidal cells called cholangiocytes

47
Q

Hepatocytes characteristics (3)

A

Polyhedral epithelial cells
Arranged in plates/sheets with spaces in between for blood flow
Blood channels are called sinusoids

48
Q

Blood flow in liver lobules

A

From portal triads to surroundings central veins

49
Q

2 ways in looking at how the liver functions

A

Classic hepatic lobule

Hepatic acinus

50
Q

Sinusoids structure (4)

A

Lined by endothelial cells
Narrow space is present between endothelial cells and hepatocytes - Space of Disse (Contains Type 1 collagen)
Microvilli of hepatocytes project into this space
Sinusoid endothelium is fenestrated so liquid component of blood has access to hepatocytes but not the blood cells

51
Q

Hepatic stellate cells characteristics (4)

A

Found scattered in space of Disse
They are modified fibroblasts and make connective tissue
Stores vitamin A within fat droplets in cytoplasm
In cirrhosis they transform into myofibroblasts and produce scar tissue in the liver

52
Q

Kupffer cells location and functions (3)

A

Macrophages scattered within sinusoids
Removes particulates from blood
Help remove worn out RBC

53
Q

Bile characteristics (4)

A

Alkaline solution containing water, ions, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts
Vital for fat emulsification
Primary bile produced by hepatocytes is modified in several ways by cholangiocytes
Example of bile modification is addition of bicarbonate ions and water

54
Q

Why is poop brown (2)

A

Due to bilirubin - Breakdown product of haemoglobin in spleen
Changes to brown when excreted in bile

55
Q

Bile production and transport (3)

A

By all hepatocytes
Bile flows through bile canaliculi towards bile ducts in portal tracts
Away but not from central vein

56
Q

Bile canaliculi structure (2)

A

1 micrometer in diameter

Small channels formed by tight junctions in cell membranes of adjacent hepatocytes

57
Q

Gall bladder structure (4)

A

Lined by simple columnar epithelium with a brush border
Lamina propria of loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Thin layer of smooth muscle
Collagenous layer of adventitia

58
Q

Gall bladder functions (2)

A

Stores and modifies bile

Has folded mucosa when empty - This flattens when distended

59
Q

Bile and the gall bladder (3)

A

Most of bile volume is removed from active Na and Cl ion pumping into spaces between adjacent epithelial cells
Water moves with increased osmotic pressure and is carried away by lymphatic vessels of lamina propria -This concentrates bile by a factor of 9
The gall bladder is is stimulated to contract by nervous control and hormone cholecystokinin by endocrine cells of duodenum when fatty food enters

60
Q

Cholecystitis (2)

A

Gall bladder inflammation

Gallstone obstructs cystic duct causing gall bladder expansion, muscle layer thickening and inflammation

61
Q

Exocrine pancreas function (2)

A

Produces digestive juices containing proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylase which enters duodenum via pancreatic duct
Enzymes are produced as inactive proenzymes where enteropeptidase converts trypsinogen into trypsin - Protective mechanism for pancreas

62
Q

Exocrine pancreas structures (4)

A

Resembles parotid gland
Contains many serous acini (acinus singular) and intercalated ducts made of centroacinar cells
Basal part of cells are basophilic due to large RER amounts
Apical part of cells are eosinophilic due to zymogen granules

63
Q

Endocrine pancreas properties (2)

A 
Consists of small, scattered islands of tissue - Islets of Langerhans (Makes 1-2% of pancreas)
Produces insulin (beta), glucagon (alpha), gamma (pancreatic polypeptide)
64
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Where the main pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct and opens into the duodenum on a papillae

Gastroenterology (11 decks)

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