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Phase 1 > HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principle cells in the liver

A

hepatocytes

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2
Q

What comprises the portal triad

A

portal vein, heaptic artery, bile duct

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3
Q

what is the definition of a lobule

A

area drained by 1 central hepatic venule

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4
Q

describe the structure of a lobule

A

central vein in centre surrounded by radiating core of hepatocytes;
Corners - portal triad

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5
Q

what is the difference between acinus and sinusoids

A

based around blood supply not drainage

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6
Q

describe the structure of an acinus

A

diamond; portal triad on ends of short axis and central veins at corners

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7
Q

where is glycogen removed from 1st in lobule

A

hepatocytes closer to centre

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8
Q

what happens to hepatocytes at periphery of lobule

A

have higher glucose concentration so able to store glucose as glycogen

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9
Q

describe the nuclei of hepatocytes

A

large, central, spherical

may be binucleate

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10
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

principle functional cells of the liver

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11
Q

what shape and type of cell are hepatocytes

A

polyheadral epithelial cells

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12
Q

describe the cytoplasm of hepatocyes

A

granular nature due to abdundant mitochondria

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13
Q

describe the nucleoli of hepatocytes and explain why

A

prominent because metabolically active

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14
Q

what is the space of Disse

A

perisinusoidal space

contains reticulin fibres and stem cell populations

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15
Q

what are sinusoids

A

highly specialised fenestrated vessels that carry mix of venous (70%) and arterial (30%) blood that bathes cords of liver cells

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16
Q

describe the structure of sinusoids

A

thin discontinuous feensttaed epithelium with no basement membrane between vascular endothelial cells and hepatocytes

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17
Q

what are Kupffer cells derived from

A

blood monocytes (like osteoclast in bones)

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18
Q

hepatocyte ultrastructure

A

arranged in cords with intervening sinusoids

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19
Q

surfaces of hepatocytes

A

sinusoidal, canalicular, intercellular

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20
Q

describe the purpose sinusoidal surface of hepatocytes

A

70%
permits exchange of material with blood
Has space of disse

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21
Q

what does the space of disse do

A

secrete serum albumin and fibrinogen (synthessied by liver)

22
Q

what do Ito cells do

A

store fat

23
Q

describe the purpose of canalicular surface of hepatocytes

A

15%
permits exchange of bile into bile ducts
between hepatocytes and bile canaliculs

24
Q

describe intercellular surface of hepatocytes

A

5%

between 1 hepatocytes and the next

25
Q

how do hepatocytes appear in electron microscopy

A 
large nucleus (>2n)
prominent nucleus
Active Golgi apparatus
Prominent ER
lots of mitochondria
Numerous peroxisomes
26
Q

what do hepatocytes do

A

synthesis bile

27
Q

describe the pathway of bile ultrastructurally

A

canaliculi to bile ductules which fuse to form trabecular ducts which fuse to form bile ducts

28
Q

bile canaliculi definition

A

extra-cellular channels between hepatocytes into which hepatocytes secrete bile

29
Q

describe the epithelium of bile ducts

A

simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium on basement membrane

30
Q

How is energy stored in hepatocyes

A

in form of glycogen which forms rosettes in cytoplasm

31
Q

how does blood come from spleen to liver

A

via splenic branch of hepatic portal vein

32
Q

what does blood in the splenic branch of hepatic portal vein have in it

A

iron from ferritin

33
Q

what is ferritin

A

protein with iron core

34
Q

where is ferritin discharged and picked up from

A

discharged by spleen

picked up by Kupffer cells in liver

35
Q

what is the purpose of the gall bladder

A

concentrates and stores bile

36
Q

how does the gall bladder expel bile

A

via common bile duct into duodenum

37
Q

where is CCK produced and why

A

by endocrine cells in duodenal walls in response to fat entering duodenum from stomach

38
Q

what nerves innervated pancrease (secretor-motor fibres)

A

vagus nerve

39
Q

epithelium of gall bladder

A

simple columnar epithelium resting on basement membrane

40
Q

layers of gall bladder

A 
simple columnar epithelium on basement membrane
Specilaised mucosa
Smooth muscle = muscularis propria
NO MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
adventitia
41
Q

describe the mucosa of the gall bladder

A

microvilli thrown into folds - adapted for water and salt absorption

42
Q

what is the purpose of the exocrine pancrreas

A
  • Synthesise and secrete enzymes and bicarbonate rich fluid into duodenum
43
Q

what surrounds the exocrine pancreas

A

poorly defined fibrous capsules with septa dividing the gland into lobules

44
Q

what slightly surprising thing is found in the exocrine pancreas

A

Pacinian corpuscles

45
Q

what sort of organe is the exocrine pancrease

A

epithelial

46
Q

how are epithelial cells in the exocrine pancreas arranged

A

in acini; pyramidal shaped, basally rich in RER, each cell has single nucleus, prominent zymogen granules apically

47
Q

what colour does RER stain haemotoxylin

A

blue

48
Q

describe the structure of the exocrine pancreas

A

comprise acini with pyramidal cells and zymogen granules and specialised duct system that secrete bicarbonate rich fluid

49
Q

where do secretions from the exocrine pancreas drain

A

into duct system

50
Q

describe the pathway of pancreatic ducts

A

Centroacinar cells (bicarbonate rich alkaline solution) go to Intercalated ducts which go to Interlobular ducts (lined by cuboidal to low columnar cells) which go to Main pancreatic duct

Phase 1 (2 decks)

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