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Integrated Medical Sciences > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

where would you find squamous epithelium cells

A

endothelial lining of blood vessels, mesothelial lining of body cavities and on lung alveoli

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2
Q

functions of cuboidal epithelium

A

excretory, secretory, absorptive, lines small ducts and tubules

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3
Q

where would you find cuboidal epithelium cells

A

kidney tubules and ovaries

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4
Q

why do goblet cells weakly stain

A

because of the mucus they contain`

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5
Q

what is white fibrous tissue also known as

A

dense regular connective tissue

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6
Q

describe the structure of white fibrous tissue

A

fibroblasts interspersed between inelastic collagen fibres aligned in the same direction

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7
Q

what are fibrocytes

A

fibroblasts, involved in production of collagen precursors

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8
Q

functions of dense regular connective tissue

A

connect structures requiring mechanically strong bond, support and protect surrounding structure, ligaments, tendons, kidney capsule

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9
Q

what are reticulin fibres made of

A

collagen 3

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10
Q

what colour do collagen fibres appear under reticulin stain

A

red brown

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11
Q

functions of liver

A

plasma protein synthesis, vitamin and iron storage, drug and toxin degradation and bile production

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12
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

non-striated muscle made up of slow, indefatigable, uni-nucleated spindle shaped cells

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13
Q

which types of muscle carry out involuntary movement

A

smooth and cardiac

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14
Q

where are smooth muscle cells found

A

surrounding ducts, blood vessels, GI tract, uterus

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15
Q

two types of striated muscle

A

cardiac and skeletal

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16
Q

what is the repeating functional unit in striated muscle

A

sarcomeres

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17
Q

properties of striated muscle

A

rapid, can fatigue, carry out voluntary movement, attach to bones by tendons

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18
Q

how does cardiac muscle differ to skeletal muscle

A

cardiac muscle is made of cardiomyocytes which have a singular central nuclei, found in heart

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19
Q

what is found between intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

A

gap junctions - which allow action potential to spread

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20
Q

what are purkynje fibres

A

modified cardiac cells which contain more glycogen and fewer myofibrils

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21
Q

innervation of Pacinian corpuscles

A

free nerve ending

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22
Q

what is a hair bulb

A

when the base of the hair follicle bulges around the hair papilla

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23
Q

what muscles are found at hair follicle

A

smooth arector pili muscles, also attached to papillary layer of scalp dermis

24
Q

functions of adrenal gland

A

helps maintain homeostasis by regulating functions of other tissues, produces corticosteroids, aid in body’s stress response

25
Q

what is the outer region of adrenal gland called

A

adrenal cortex - produces hormones crucial to healthy functioning of body

26
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

secretes mineralocorticoids (15%)

27
Q

zona fasciculata

A

secretes glucocorticoids (70%)

28
Q

zona reticularis

A

secretes adrenal sex hormones (15%)

29
Q

what are follicles in thyroid gland filled with

A

colloid called thyroglobulin - iodine rich inactive form of thyroid hormones

30
Q

what do follicular cells secrete

A

T3 and T4

31
Q

what do parafollicular/ c cells secrete

A

calcitonin

32
Q

how can you distinguish between follicular and parafollicular cells

A

parafollicular cells have paler stained cytoplasm, are larger and are not exposed to the follicular lumens

33
Q

endocrine glands

A

are ductless and secrete hormones directly into circulatory system

34
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their products through ducts opening on to an epithelium

35
Q

beta cells

A

contain secretory granules, giving it a dark centre and a pale halo under stain

36
Q

acini cells

A

synthesise and secrete peptidases, lipases

37
Q

zymogen granules

A

secretory organelles in which acinar cells store inactive enzymes

38
Q

pancreas functions

A

regulating blood sugar and aiding digestion

39
Q

what regulates the pancreas’ activity

A

parasympathetic system via vagus nerve

40
Q

function of brunners glands

A

secrete alkaline mucus to neutralise stomach acid along with goblet cells

41
Q

3 layers to duodenum

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis

42
Q

enterokinase

A

activates pancreatic enzymes

43
Q

functions duodenum

A

neutralizes gastric juice, mixes bile and enzymes, absorbs water and nutrients

44
Q

parenchyma

A

functional component of liver made up by hepatocytes

45
Q

liver stroma

A

made up of reticulin (type 3 collagen) supports liver and hepatocytes

46
Q

sinusoid function

A

mix oxygen-rich blood from hepatic artery with nutrient-rich blood from portal vein

47
Q

sinusoid structure

A

fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries travelling between plates of hepatocytes, contains Kupffer cells (macrophage)

48
Q

spaces of Disse

A

located between hepatocytes and sinusoids, store vitamin A

49
Q

hepatocytes have…

A

2-4 nuclei and lifespan of 5 months

50
Q

function of liver

A

plasma protein synthesis, vitamin and iron storage, drug and toxin degradation, bile production

51
Q

layers of blood vessels inner to outer

A

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia/externa

52
Q

layers of blood vessels outer to inner

A

tunica adventitia/externa, tunica media, tunica intima

53
Q

tunica intima

A

lined by epithelium comprised of simple squamous epithelial cells

54
Q

tunica media

A

smooth muscle with adrenergic receptors innervated by sympathetic nervous system

55
Q

tunica adventitia

A

composed of type 1 collagen and connective tissue, anchors vessels to organs

56
Q

examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta carotid

57
Q

difference between arteries and veins

A

veins contain valves and have thinner tunica media and wider more irregular lumens

Integrated Medical Sciences (2 decks)

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