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BIIC > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma proteins

A

7% plasma
1. Albumin: most abundant
A. Retain fluid in micro vasculature
B. Binds molecules for transport
2. Globulins: large family (alpha and beta)
A. Transport lipids and metals
B. Involved in coagulation
3. Fibrinogen: non-active precursor of fibrin
4. Immunoglobulins (gamma-globulins): antibodies secreted by plasma cells
5. Complement proteins: part of innate immune system
6. Regulatory proteins: enzymes, pro enzymes, and hormones

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2
Q

Plasma solutes

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Nutrients and metabolites
  3. Minerals and electrolytes
    A. Establish and maintain membrane potentials
    B. pH balance
    C. Regulate osmosis
  4. Dissolved respiratory gases
    A. O2 - 98% on hemoglobin
    B. CO2
    1. 66% bicarbonate
    2. 27% on hemoglobin
  5. Waste
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3
Q

Serum

A

Plasma after blood clots

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

A 
44% of whole blood
1. Transport O2 and CO2
2. No mito => only anaerobic glycolysis
3. Anuclear
4. Plasmolemma
  A. 40% lipids, 10% carbs, 50% proteins
  B. Peripheral and integral proteins anchor cytoskeleton proteins
  C. Blood type antigens on extracellular surface
5. Hemoglobin
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5
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Tetrameric protein

  1. Carries O2 and CO2 at different binding sites
  2. Low pO2 and high pCO2 -> high carbonic acid => low pH
  3. High pO2 and low pCO2 -> inc pH
  4. CO competes for O2 site and has higher affinity
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6
Q

Platelets

A 
Promote clotting and healing
1. Anucleate 
2. From megakaryocytes in red marrow (fragments)
3. Circulate ~10 days
4. Sparse mitochondria
5. Granules in inner cytoplasm
6. Outer cytoplasm facilitates rapid degranulation
  A. Marginal bundles (MB)
  B. Open canalicular system (OCS)
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7
Q

Platelet granules

A

In inner cytoplasm

  1. Alpha granules: platelet specific proteins (PDGF, PF-4)
  2. Delta granules: contain ADP, ATP, and serotonin taken up from plasma
  3. Glycogen granules
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8
Q

Clotting

A
  1. Primary aggregation: glycocalx allows platelets to adhere damaged endothelium/CT -> platelet plug
  2. Secondary aggregation: platelets in plug -> adhesive glycoprotein and ADP -> more aggregation
  3. Blood coagulation: proteins from endothelium and PF-4 from alpha granules -> cascade plasma proteins
  4. Clot retraction: clot contracts due to platelet-derived actin and myosin
  5. Clot removal: plasminogen (proteolytic enzyme)
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9
Q

Granulocytes

A 
Innate immune cells
1. All
  A. Lysosome (azurophilic) granules
  B. Polymorphic nuclei (lobed)
  C. Poorly developed golgi and RER
  D. Few mito
  E. Short life span
2. Neutrophils (50-70% circ. WBCs)
3. Eosinophils (1-4% WBCs)
4. Basophils (least common WBC)
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10
Q

Neutrophils

A 
Granulocyte
1. 50-70% WBCs
2. 1st line of defense
3. Nucleus 2-5 lobes
4. Specific granules - stain light pink
  A. ECM-degrading enzymes and bacteriocidal
  B. Glycogen granules used in anaerobic glycolysis
5. Form pus at wound/infection sites
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11
Q

Eosinophils

A 
Granulocyte
1. 1-4% WBCs
2. Allergies and parasites
3. Bi-lobed nucleus
4. Specific granules pink/red
  A. Major basic proteins (MBP)
  B. Eosinophilic peroxidase
  C. Antiparasitic enzymes and toxins
5. Functional characteristics
  A. Modulate inflammatory response (allergies)
  B. Parasitic infections
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12
Q

Basophils

A 
Granulocyte
1. Least common WBC
2. Bi-lobed/S-shaped nuclei
  A. Often obscured by granules
3. Specific granules - stain purple
  A. Heparin
  B. GAGs
  C. Histamines
  D. PAF
4. Fxn
  A. Mediate inflammation
  B. Allergies (type I hypersensitivity - acquired)
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13
Q

Agranulocytes

A 
Adaptive immune cells
1. All
  A. Lysosome (azurophilic) granules
  B. No specific granules
  C. Nuclei not lobed
  D. Circulate undifferentiated 
  E. Life span hours to years
2. Lymphocytes (20-40% WBCs)
3. Monocytes (2-8% WBCs)
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14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Agranulocytes
1. 20-40% WBCs
2. Smallest WBCs
3. Cluster of differentiation (CD markers)
A. B lymphocytes
B. T lymphocytes
C. NK cells (innate)
4. Nucleus spherical (sometimes dented if large)
5. Thin ring of cytoplasm
6. Can’t differentiate B/T on smear w/o special staining

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15
Q

Monocytes

A 
Agranulocytes
1. 2-8% WBCs
2. Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
3. Give rise to cells outside circulatory system
  A. Macrophages
  B. Osteoclasts
  C. Microglia
  D. Mononuclear phagocyte system
4. Nucleus indented or C-shaped 
5. Basophils cytoplasm
6. Very small azurophilic granules
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16
Q

Leukocyte extravasion (diapedesis)

A
  1. In post-capillary venules
  2. Activated macrophages -> IL-1/TNF-alpha -> endothelial cells in venules insert glycoprotein selectins in cell surface
  3. Neutrophils w/ correct glycoprotein stick to selectins as they pass and roll to slow down
  4. Cytokines. -> integrins on neutrophils and integrin ligand ICAM-1 on endothelial cells inhibit junction always complexes between endothelial cells => loosened
  5. Integrins stop neutrophils on endothelial surface -> receive more signals
  6. Mobile neutrophils probe endothelium w/ pseudopodia and follow chemokines to work to wound/infected site
  7. Activated in ECM outside of circulation
17
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of all blood cells

18
Q

Hematopoiesis sites

A
  1. First trimester: mesodermal yolk sac
  2. Second trimester: mostly liver, some spleen
  3. Third trimester thru life: red bone marrow
  4. Childhood thru early adulthood: most bones
  5. 30+: mostly vertebral bodies, sternum, and ribs
  6. Ileum/iliac crests: common for collecting samples
19
Q

Red bone marrow

A
  1. Hematopoietic cords: hematopoietic cell lines, maturing cells, and more
  2. Reticular tissue: supportive mesh work for hemopoeitic cords
  3. Sinusoid always capillaries: bid gaps lined by discontinuous endothelium
  4. Adipocytes: amount varies, inc w/ age
20
Q

Hemopoietic stem cell

A
  1. Rare w/in red marrow
  2. Proliferate slowly
  3. Pluripotent stem cell
  4. Randomly differentiate -> progenitor cells
    A. Common myeloid progenitor (CMP)
    B. Common lymphoid progenitor (CLP)
21
Q

Pluripotent stem cell

A

Can differentiate into any blood cell or contribute to cellular regeneration

22
Q

Erythorporesis

A 
1. MEP (or CMP) -> proerythroblast
  A. Driven by EPO
  B. Large nucleus w/ mottled staining
  C. Cytoplasm stains basophilic (blue)
  D. Fxn: make mRNA and polyribosomes -> Hb
2. Maturation
  A. Dec nucleus as mRNA production dec
  B. Cytoplasm -> eosinophilic as inc Hb and dec polyribosomes
3. Reticulocytes: immature but functional
  A. Form when pyknotic nucleus ejected
  B. Still some polyribosomes
4. RBCs pushed -> sinusoidal capillaries
23
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A 
1. MEP (or CMP) -> megakaryoblast
  A. Driven by TPO
  B. Large, ovoid nucleus w/ mottoes staining
  C. Cytoplasm stains basophilic
  D. Fxn: inc mRNA -> protein synthesis
2. Promegakaryoblast = megakaryoblast often multiple rounds endomitosis
  A. Polyploid (8N to 64N)
  B. Lobular nuclei
  C. Larger than megakaryoblast
  D. Cytoplasm less intensely basophilic
3. Megakaryocyte
  A. Irregularly lobed nucleus
  B. Well-dev golgi and RER needed to produce specific granules and platelets
  C. Near sinusoidal capillaries
  D. Fragment -> platelets into circ
24
Q

Granulooiesis

A
  1. Granulocytic progenitor cell and myeloblast
    A. Driven by G-CSF
    B. Uniformly stained nucleus w/ faint nucleoli
    C. Cytoplasm slightly basophilic
    D. No granules
    E. Type granulocyte indistinguishable
  2. Promyelocyte
    A. Golgi and RER active
    B. Azurophilic granules accumulate
  3. Myelocyte -> metamyelocyte
    A. Specific granules produced and accumulate
    B. Specific granulocytes distinguishable
  4. Band stage: intermediate stage
    A. Nucleus not in polymorphic shape
25
Q

Neutrophils compartments

A 
1. Bone marrow
  A. Mitosis
    1. Stem cell
    2. Myeloblast
    3. Promyelocyte
    4. Myelocyte
  B. Maturation
     1. Metamyelocyte
     2. Band cell
     3. Mature granulocyte
  C. Storage
2. Blood
  A. Marginal cells: bind to endothelium
  B. Circulating cells
26
Q

Monocytopoiesis

A
  1. Monocytes progenitor (MoP) and monoblasts
    A. Driven by M-CSF
    B. Indistinguishable from granulocytic myeloblast
  2. Promonocyte: difficult to find and distinguish
    A. Nucleus slightly indented
    B. Cytoplasm slightly basophilic
  3. Monocyte
    A. Nucleus more indented/C-shaped
    B. Azurophilic granules accumulate
    C. Enter sinusoidal sinuses -> body
    D. Differentiate further to be tissue specific
27
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A
  1. CLP -> lymphoblast
    A. Several specific transcription factors
    B. Slightly larger than lymphocyte
  2. Immature lymphocyte
    A. Nucleus condensed
    B. Thin ring basophilic cytoplasm
    C. Can’t distinguish different lymphocytes w/o special staining
    1. Immature T cells -> thymus
    2. Immature B cells -> marrow
    3. Immature NK cells -> marrow or secondary lymphoid organs
28
Q

APCs

A
  1. Monocyte derives: transient residents in tissues
  2. Dendritic cells: permanent residents in non-lymphoid tissues
  3. Follicular dendritic cells
    A. In lymphoid organs
    B. Present antigens to B cells
    C. Derived from mesenchyme
    D. Don’t express MHC
  4. Thymus epithelial cells: endoderm derived epithelium in thymus
    A. Express MHC I and/or II
29
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Sites of adult lymphocyte production, differentiation, and maturation (not activation)

  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
30
Q

Thymus

A

Primary lymphoid organ
1. T cells
2. From 3rd pharyngeal pouch
3. Fxnal at birth, dec w/ age
4. Histological characteristics
A. Outer capsule = vascularized CT separated into lobes
B. Cortex: many lymphocytes/blasts
1. Thymic epithelial cells
A. Type I: squamous, lines CT and contributes blood-thymus barrier
B. Type II: act as APCs (T cells that bind -> medulla)
C. Type III: squamous
1. Separate cortex and medulla
2. Express MHC I and II
C. Medulla- lighter staining
1. Type IV: similar type III in cortex
2. Type V: cytoreticular framework to support T cells, DC, and macrophages (if attack self -> apoptosis)
3. Type VI: Hassall corpuscles (secrete cytokines)

31
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Where B/T cells activated

  1. MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissues)
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Spleen
32
Q

MALT

A
  1. Mucosa of GI, resp, and UG systems
  2. Lymphoid nodule (LN): localized concentrations lymphatic tissue, mostly T and B cells
    A. Primary nodule: no immune response
    B. Secondary nodule:
    1. Germinal center: active B cell response
    2. Mantle zone (corona): mostly T cells
33
Q

Lymph nodes

A
  1. Capsule w/ trabeculae
  2. Cortex (superficial)
    A. Subcapsular and cortical sinuses
    B. Lymphoid nodules
  3. Paracortex (deep)
    A. Cortical sinuses
    B. High endothelial venules (HEVs)
  4. Medulla
    A. Medullary sinuses
    B. Medullary cords
  5. Fxn:
    A. APCs/active lymphocytes -> lymph nodes
    1. Blood stream via HEV (90% all cells)
    2. Lymph via afferent vessels (10% cells)
      B. Migrate -> lymphoid nodules in cortex
      C. Initiate immune response
      D. Lymph fluid and cells excite lymph nodes thru medullary sinuses that drain -> efferent lymphatic vessels
34
Q

Spleen

A 
1. Fxn: 
  A. Filter effete RBCs
  B. Site immune response
  C. Reservoir blood 
  D. Fetal hematopoiesis
2. Histological characteristics
  A. Capsule w/ trabeculae
  B. Splenic pulp
    1. White (20%)
       A. Central arteriole 
       B. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PAL)
       C. Transient lymphoid nodules
    2. Red (80%)
       A. Penicillar arterioles
       B. Splenic sinuses
       C. Splenic cords

BIIC (7 decks)

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