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UoS Med - Phase 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Alcian Blue

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2
Q

IMMS

What is Alcian Blue commonly used to stain

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) rich things

Mucous

Mast Cells

Cartilage

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3
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Eosin

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4
Q

IMMS

What is Eosin commonly used to stain and what substances are stained pink?

A

Colloidal proteins

Plasma

Basic/acidophilic substances (also called eosinophilic)

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5
Q

IMMS

What stain was used on this slide?

A

Iron Haematoxylin

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6
Q

IMMS

What is Iron Haematoxylin commonly used to stain?

A

Nuclei and elastic fibres (black)

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7
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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8
Q

IMMS

What is Periodic Acid Schiff commonly used to stain?

A

Hexose sugars (complex carbs)

Goblet cell mucins

Cartilage matrix

Glycogen

Basement membranes

Brush border

(magenta)

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9
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Romanovsky/Leishman’s

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10
Q

IMMS

What is Romanowsky/Leishman’s commonly used to stain and what are the corresponding colours?

A

BLOOD FILMS

Chromatin/nuclei and neutrophil granules - purple

Erythrocytes/eosin granules - red/pink

Lymphocyte/monocyte plasma - pale blue

Basophil granules - dark blue/purple

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11
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Toluidine Blue

P.S. probably one of the less important ones

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12
Q

IMMS

What is Toluidine Blue commonly used to stain and what are the corresponding colours?

A

Nuclei/Ribosomes - dark blue

Cytoplasm - pale blue

Cartilage/matrix/mast cell/GAG rich - bright purple

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13
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Van Gieson’s Trichrome with Haematoxylin Counter Stain

P.S. yeah this one is probably not v important too

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14
Q

IMMS

What is Van Gieson’s Trichrome with Haematoxylin Counter stain commonly used to stain and what are the corresponding colours?

A

Collagen - pink/red

Cell cytoplasm - yellow/olive green

Nuclei - black

Elastic tissue - dark brown

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15
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used on this slide?

A

Haematoxylin

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16
Q

IMMS

What is Haematoxylin commonly used to stain? What structures are stain blue in general

A

Nuclei and RNA

Basophilic Structures = blue

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17
Q

IMMS

What stain was used on this slide?

A

Silver Stain

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18
Q

IMMS

What is shown on this slide?

A

Neurons

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19
Q

IMMS

How big are neurons?

A

large - 26-60 microns

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20
Q

IMMS

How many dendritic processes do neurons normally have? Can you see all of them?

A

1-5

No because of the slide thickness

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21
Q

IMMS

List two properties of the structures in the image

A

Neurons - metabolically active and fully differentiated

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22
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show?

A

Lymphocytes

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23
Q

IMMS

How large are the structures in this image?

A

Lymphocytes - small, 5 microns

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24
Q

IMMS

List three properties of the structures in this image

A

Contain little cytoplasm - dormant and not fully differentiated

They are metabolically active

They contain minimal Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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25
Q

IMMS

Name the main 2 types of epithelia and their main properties and functions

A

Epithelium functions as a barrier

Simple:

  • single layer
  • absorption and secretion

Stratified:

  • multi-layered
  • protection
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26
Q

IMMS

What epithelium is shown in this image?

A

Simple columnar

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27
Q

IMMS

What are the main properties differentiating this epithelium from other types?

A

Simple columnar:

  • taller than wide
  • oval nucleus
  • often microvilli or cilia at the apical membrane
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28
Q

IMMS

Where would you expect to find this type of epithelia?

A

In gut enterocytes and respiratory tract

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29
Q

IMMS

Where would you find this epithelium?

A

Intestines (intestinal epithelium)

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30
Q

IMMS

How would you differentiate between the epithelium of small and large intestines?

A

Large has more goblet cells

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31
Q

IMMS

What does this epithelium show?

A

Enterocytes with goblet cells and microvilli on the apical surface

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32
Q

IMMS

What is the role of the basement membrane?

A

It provides a permeability barrier between epithelium and connective tissue

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33
Q

IMMS

What is the brush border?

A

Microvilli on the apical surface

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34
Q

IMMS

What is the function of the brush border?

A

Increases surface area

Attachment of exo-enzymes

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35
Q

IMMS

What stain was used on this slide?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff and Haematoxylin

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36
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show?

A

Microvilli/Intestinal Epithelium

Microvilli w/ carbohydrate-rich glycocalyx

Goblet cells and basement membrane rich in hexose

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37
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used in this slide?

A

H&E and Alcian Blue

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38
Q

IMMS

What kind of epithelium does this slide show?

A

Ciliated simple columnar with golbet cells and cilia

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39
Q

IMMS

Where can you find this type of epithelium?

A

Ciliated simple columnar:

  • nose
  • larynx
  • bronchial tree
  • fallopian tubes
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40
Q

IMMS

How big are cilia and how do they move?

A

2 microns

Move by tubulin and dynein

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41
Q

IMMS

What kind of epithelium does this slide show?

A

Cuboidal epithelium

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42
Q

IMMS

What are the main properties of cuboidal epithelium?

A

square

round nucleus

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43
Q

IMMS

Where would you expect to find this type of epithelium?

A

Ducts of exocrine organs - sweat glands, salivary and pancreas

Kidney tissue

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44
Q

IMMS

What kind of epithelium does this slide show?

A

Simple squamous (serosa)

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45
Q

IMMS

Where would you expect to find this type of epithelium?

A

Simple squamous:

  • Outer surface of most thoracic and abdominal organs
  • Lining pleular and peritoneal cavities
  • Air sacs of lungs (alveoli)
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46
Q

IMMS

What are the main properites of squamous epithelium?

A

Flattened (plate-like)

Cylindrical/Elliptical nuclei at base of cell

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47
Q

IMMS

What does this image show?

A

Alveoli - the air-blood barrier

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48
Q

IMMS

What does the septa of the air-blood barrier consist of and how thick is it usually?

A

capillaries covered up by simple squamous epithelium, usually 1 micron thick

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49
Q

IMMS

What is the overall thickness of the air-blood barrier?

A

5-10 microns

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50
Q

IMMS

What does the air-blood barrier consist of?

A

2x capillary endothelial cells

2 x Type 1 pneumocytes and capillary lumen

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51
Q

IMMS

What kind of epithelium is shown in this image?

A

Stratified squamous

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52
Q

IMMS

Where can you find this type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous:

  • mouth
  • throat
  • oesophagus
  • anus
  • vagina
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53
Q

IMMS

How are cells replaced in stratified squamous epithelium?

A

There is a basal layer of stem cells (mitosis capable)

Cells are replaced from below

Dead cells are sloughed off from the top

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54
Q

IMMS

What are the two sub-types of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Keratinising and non-keratinising

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55
Q

IMMS

What kind of epithelium is shown on this slide?

A

Keratinised squamous epithelium

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56
Q

IMMS

Where can you find this type of epithelium?

A

Keratinised squamous:

In the epidermis

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57
Q

IMMS

How is the keratin layer in keratinised epithelia formed?

A

upper layers synthesise a unique collection of proteins

upper layers interact with the cytoskeleton of the cell

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58
Q

IMMS

What is keratin and what are its main properties?

A

Dense protein that filld the cytoplasm of cells

It’s tough and waterproof

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59
Q

IMMS

What is present at the boundary between the living cells and the keratin layer?

A

A layer with blue keratohyaline granules

Stratum Granulosum

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60
Q

IMMS

Are there stem cells in keratinised stratified squamous epithelium? If so, where?

A

Yes, at the basal layers

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61
Q

IMMS

What kind of epithelium can you see in this slide?

A

Pseudostratified

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62
Q

IMMS

What are the main properties of pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Appears multilayered but every cell touches basement membrane - flattens when stretched

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63
Q

IMMS

Where would you expect to find this type of epithelium?

A

trachea and bronchi (and urinary tract)

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64
Q

IMMS

What kind of epithelium lines the urinary tract?

A

Specialised urothelium - pseudostratified

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65
Q

IMMS

How can you distinguish stratified epithelium from pseudostratified?

A

In pseudo:

  • all cells are in contact with the basement membrane
  • cells replaced by lateral migration rather than vertical
66
Q

IMMS

What are cell junctions and what are the three main types?

A

Attachments between adjacent cells, bound tightly together to prevent macromolecule or fluid movement

Desmosomes, tight (adherent) and gap junctions

67
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show?

A

Glands

68
Q

IMMS

How do glands develop?

A

They have an epithelial origin - develop as ingrowths

69
Q

IMMS

What is the role of ducts in glands

A

They connect the exocrine glands to the surface for product secretion

70
Q

IMMS

What types of things can be secreted by these structures?

A

Glands:

fluids, lubricants and enzymes

71
Q

IMMS

How could you distinguish between mucus and serous glands?

A

Mucus - separate acini from serous, occasionally mixed; are pale and contain a flattened nucleus at base of cell

Serous - are dark and contain round nuclei

72
Q

IMMS

What is the role of collagen/elastin?

A

It provides an extracellular fibre scaffold

73
Q

IMMS

What is collagen/elastin synthesised from?

A

Fibroblasts

74
Q

IMMS

What is GAG and where is it synthesised?

A

Glycosaminoglycans - hydrophilic polysaccharide polymer in connective tissue matrix

Synthesised in epithelial cells, muscle, cartilage and bone

75
Q

IMMS

List examples of fibrous connective tissue

A

collagen

elastin

reticulin

(black lines with silver stain)

76
Q

IMMS

What are the main types of connective tissue?

A

Fibrous

Loose irregular

Dense irregular

Dense regular

Fatty

(can also be soft or hard)

77
Q

IMMS

Describe the appearance of loose irregular connective tissue

A

few visible fibres with random orientation

78
Q

IMMS

Describe the appearance of dense irregular connective tissue

A

large number of fibres with only a little matrix, long, go in many directions

fibres stain pink and can contain fibroblasts (w/ dark nuclei) alongside

fibres not uniform thickness

79
Q

IMMS

Describe the appearance of dense regular connective tissue

A

large number of fibres in thick, long, parallel bundles of collagen

fibroblasts inbetween layers

compact and regular

80
Q

IMMS

Describe the appearance of fatty connective tissue

A

Mainly fat cells with intervening capillaries

81
Q

IMMS

What type of connective tissue is present in this slide?

A

Dense irregular

82
Q

IMMS

Where would you expect to find this type of connective tissue?

A

Dense irregular: dermis of scalp

83
Q

IMMS

Are dense irregular connective tissue fibres intra- or extracellular?

A

Extracellular

84
Q

IMMS

What tissue can be seen in this slide?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

85
Q

IMMS

Is dense regular connective tissue collagen elastric or contractile?

A

Neither

86
Q

IMMS

Describe the structure of collagen

A

Overlapping linear strands of tropocollagen arranged to fibrins extracellularly

Overlapping gives rise to banding

3 linear polypeptide chains of tropocollagen in an alpha helix

87
Q

IMMS

How is tropocollagen secreted?

A

From fibroblasts

88
Q

IMMS

How many types of collagen are there?

A

12

89
Q

IMMS

Where can you find Type 1 collagen?

A

Skin, bone, teeth and organ capsules

90
Q

IMMS

Where can you find type 2 collagen?

A

Cartilage

91
Q

IMMS

Where can you find type 3 collagen?

A

liver, kidney, spleen, arteries and uterus

92
Q

IMMS

Where can you find type 4 collagen?

A

Basement membranes

93
Q

IMMS

Where can you find type 5 collagen?

A

Placenta

94
Q

IMMS

What connective tissue lines the penis erectile compartment?

A

Dense irregular - forms a capsule/sheath

95
Q

IMMS

What is the benefit of this connective tissue compartment in the penis?

A

An inextensible capsule around the erectile compartment means extra blood makes turgis

96
Q

IMMS

What kind of stain was used in this slide?

A

Silver stain

97
Q

IMMS

What kind of collagen is present in this slide?

A

Reticulin - type 3 collagen

98
Q

IMMS

How can you distinguish between type 1 and type 3 collagen?

A

Type 1 has coarser elements whereas type 3 has a fine framework

99
Q

IMMS

How can you distinguish reticulin from other types of collagen?

A

reticulin forms branches fibres, most colalgens form linear fibres

100
Q

IMMS

What is the function of reticulin?

A

it helps to maintain the shape and integrity of many organs by extracellular fibres

101
Q

IMMS

This is a slide of a large elastic artery

Describe what can be seen on this slide?

A

Microfibres of fibrillin set in amorphous matrix of elastin

102
Q

IMMS

How are these fibres arranged?

A

elastic - in fine fibres or sheets

103
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used in this slide?

A

Van Gieson’s trichrome

104
Q

IMMS

This slide is stained with Van Gieson’s trichrome, what can be seen on this slide in dark brown staining?

A

Elastic fibres

105
Q

IMMS

Which type of connective tissue can be seen on this slide?

A

Adipose tissue

106
Q

IMMS

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

A

White and brown

107
Q

IMMS

Which of the fatty tissues is more abundant?

A

In adults: white

In new-borns: brown

108
Q

IMMS

Describe the appearances of white and brown fatty tissue

A

White:

  • large cells with a single fat droplet
  • 60 microns
  • usually alongside capillaries

Brown:

  • multi-locular - multiple droplets of fat per cell
109
Q

IMMS

What is the function of brown fatty tissue?

A

Generation of heat via fat oxidation

110
Q

IMMS

What is the function of white fatty tissue?

A

Protection of vital organs and energy store (insulation and packing)

111
Q

IMMS

Where can you find brown fatty tissue in an adult?

A

chest and shoulder blade

112
Q

IMMS

Which cells produce myelin for nerves?

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes

PNS - Schwann cells

113
Q

IMMS

Name structures A, B, C and D

A

A. schwann cell nucleus

B. axon with myelin sheath

C. unmyelinated axon

D. myelin sheath

114
Q

IMMS

How many Schwann cells are there per 1 axon?

A

Myelinated: 1

Unmyelinated: several

115
Q

IMMS

How do unmyelinated axons differ from myelinated?

A

Myelinated usualy larger with increased velocity of conduction

116
Q

IMMS

What are the characteristics of myelin and sphingomyelin?

A

Myelin: membranous, bilipid, proteins inserted between layers

Sphingomyelin - predominantly phospholipid

117
Q

IMMS

What is a mesaxon?

A

Where 2 limbs of schwann/oligo around axon fuse

118
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show?

A

Peripheral nerves with mixed motor and sensory axons surrounded by Schwann cells

119
Q

IMMS

What can be seen between the axons?

A

a connective tissue network of fibres and cells:

endoneurium, perineurium and exoneurium

120
Q

IMMS

How can you distinguish between fibroblasts and Schwann cells?

A

Fibroblasts have a flattened nucleus, schwann have a round nucleus

121
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used in this slide?

A

Osmium Tetroxide

122
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show?

A

A trasverse section of an isolated peripheral nerve

123
Q

IMMS

What happens to the myelin sheath during processing with osmium tetroxide? What colour does it appear?

A

The lipids get extracted but myelin sheath becomes insoluble

Brown/black

124
Q

IMMS

What does a nerve fibre consist of?

A

Many axons, with perineurium

125
Q

IMMS

What does a peripheral nerve consist of?

A

Many nerve fibres, with epineurium

126
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used in this slide?

A

Osmium Tetroxide

127
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show? What is the arrow pointing to?

A

A longitudinal section through an isolated peripheral nerve

The arrow is pointing towards the Node of Ranvier

128
Q

IMMS

What is the Node of Ranvier?

A

A constriction - boundary between one Schwann cell and the next

129
Q

IMMS

What is the speed of conduction for myelinated and myelinated axons? Which one has a larger diameter?

A

Myelinated - 10-100 m/s

Unmyelinated - 1-20 m/s

Mylinated has a diameter (100x larger)

130
Q

IMMS

What does the image show?

A

An electron micrograph of a synapse

131
Q

IMMS

What does a synapse contain?

A

A large number of neuro-secretory vesicles at the presynaptic space

132
Q

IMMS

What kind of stain was used in this slide?

A

Silver stain

133
Q

IMMS

What does the slide show?

A

A nerve cell body

134
Q

IMMS

Where can you find nerve cell bodies?

A

in CNS or in discrete ganglia close to the spinal cord

in parasympathetic nervous system with clusters close to the organ innervated

135
Q

IMMS

Why do neurons stain heavily with silver stain?

A

Silver stain has an affinity for cytoskeleton of cells, neurons have a developed cytoskeleton

136
Q

IMMS

What do the oval shapes in the centre of the cell body in the slide show?

A

The pale, outer oval is the nucleus but nucleolus inside this is black

137
Q

IMMS

How does the developed cytoskeleton aid nerves?

A

It’s made up of microfilaments (tubulin and dynein) which aids in axonal transport of vesicles

138
Q

IMMS

What are the different types of neurons and how many processes do they have?

A

Unipolar - sensory

Bipolar - interneurons

Multipolar - motor neurons

139
Q

IMMS

Which stain was used in this slide?

A

H&E

140
Q

IMMS

What does this slide show?

A

Sensory cell bodies at the dorsal root ganglion (but realistically all you need to know is that these are sensory cell bodies)

141
Q

IMMS

What are the main features of this cell body?

A

Sensory:

  • large
  • one axon
  • one major dendrite
142
Q

IMMS

How would you distinguish between a sensory nerve cell body and motor nerve cell body?

A

Sensory appears more rounded

143
Q

IMMS

What is Nissl substance and what is its function?

A

alternative name for rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesis of proteins for export from cell or inclusion in membrane

144
Q

IMMS

What are satellite cells and what is their function?

A

cells around a nerve cell body

they play a supportive role - supply neuron with nutrients and growth factors

145
Q

GI/Liver

What kind of epithelium is present in the mouth (lips to palatoglossal folds)?

A

Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinising epithelium

146
Q

GI/Liver

Which kind of epithelium is present in the oropharynx?

A

Stratified Squamous Non-Keratinising epithelium

147
Q

GI/Liver

What does this slide show?

A

Lip mucosa - Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium

148
Q

GI/Liver

What connective tissue is present in this sub-mucosa?

A

Collagen and elastin

149
Q

GI/Liver

What is present in the deeper layers of lips?

A

glands and striated skeletal muscle

150
Q

GI/Liver

How are the lips kept moist?

A

By numerous small blood vessels in the sub-mucosa

151
Q

GI/Liver

What does this slide show?

A

The transition from stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium of the lips to stratified squamous keratinising epithelium of the skin

152
Q

GI/Liver

What is this slide showing?

A

Lip

153
Q

GI/Liver

What are Fordyce’s spots?

A

Sebaceous glands that open to surface of lip (rather than hair follicles)

154
Q

GI/Liver

What is the red arrow pointing to? Where found you find this on the lip?

A

Hair follicle

Found on keratinised surface of the lip

155
Q

GI/Liver

What does this slide show?

A

Tongue

156
Q

GI/Liver

What epithelium/a is present in this structure?

A

Tongue:

Dorsal surface - stratified squamous keratinising (constant abrasion)

Ventral surface - stratified squamous non-keratinising

157
Q

GI/Liver

What structures can be found within the tongue?

A

Extrinsic muscle fibres

Intrinsic muscle fibres

Mixed sero-mucous salivary glands

Lymph nodules

158
Q

GI/Liver

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue insert onto?

A

Lower jaw

159
Q

GI/Liver

What do the intrinsic muscles of the tongue insert onto?

A

Fibrous connective tissue underlying mucosa

160
Q

GI/Liver

Where can you find most lymph nodules in the tongue?

A

In the lingual tonsils; posterior 1/3

161
Q

GI/Liver

What is shown in this slide?

A

Upper surface of the tongue

162
Q

GI/Liver

What type of epithelium is in this slide?

A

Stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

UoS Med - Phase 1 (2 decks)

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