Histology

Question 1

What is the function of the nasal cavity?

Answer 1

Warming
Moistening
Filtering

Question 2

What is the specialised epithelium of the nasal cavity?

Where in the nasal cavity is this specialised epithelium?

Answer 2

Olfactory epithelium

The roof

Question 3

Describe the epithelium of the proximal nasal cavity

Answer 3

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 4

Describe the first transition in the epithelium of the nasal cavity

Answer 4

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium to non-keratinised stratified squamous epiuthelium

Question 5

Describe respiratory epithelium.

Answer 5

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
Lamina propria/submucosa running deep

Question 6

What are the stem cells of the respiratory epithelium called?

Answer 6

Basal cells

Question 7

The oropharynx is what type of epithelium?

Answer 7

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 8

The nasopharynx is what type of epithelium?

Answer 8

Respiratory epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 9

The laryngopharynx is what type of epithelium?

Answer 9

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 10

The larynx is what type of epithelium?

Answer 10

Respiratory epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 11

Describe what is deep to the respiratory epithelium

Answer 11

The lamina propria

A band of loose connective tissue containing seromucous glands and thin-walled venous sinuses

Question 12

In rhinitis which layer becomes inflamed

Answer 12

The lamina propria

A band of loose connective tissue containing seromucous glands and thin-walled venous sinuses

Question 13

What epithelium covers the vocal folds?

Answer 13

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 14

How many cartilage rings are in the trachea?

Answer 14

15-20

Question 15

What types of tissue span the open side of the “C” cartilage?

Answer 15

Fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)

Question 16

What epithelium lines the trachea?

Answer 16

Respiratory epithelium

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 17

What are the layers of the trachea?

Answer 17

Respiratory epithelium
Basal lamina
Lamina propria
Submucosa

Question 18

Describe the lamina propria of the trachea

Answer 18

Connective tissue with abundant elastic fibres

Question 19

Describe the submucosa of the trachea

Answer 19

Connective tissue with numerous seromucous glands

Question 20

What happens to the hyaline cartilage of the trachea when it splits to the bronchi

Answer 20

The regular C-shaped cups form to irregular plates

Question 21

What are the layers of the bronchi?

Answer 21

Respiratory epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis consisting of a ring of smooth muscle
Submucosa with adipose tissue and some seromucous glands

Question 22

When do bronchi become bronchioles?

Answer 22

When they lose the hyaline cartilage

This is when airway diameter is ~ 1mm

Question 23

True or false?

Bronchioles contain glands by no cartilage

Answer 23

False
They contain neither glands or cartilage
(May have some goblet cells)

Question 24

What type of epithelial transition occurs in the bronchioles?

Answer 24

The columnar cells decrease in height to become cuboidal cells
The lamina propria here is composed of smooth muscle, elastic and collagenous fibres

Question 25

Describe histologically the terminal bronchioles.

Answer 25

Cuboidal ciliated epithelium, contain non-ciliated club cells

Question 26

What are the functions of club cells?

Answer 26

Stem cells Detoxification Immune modulation Surfactant production

Question 27

What interrupts the respiratory bronchioles? | Describe this structure

Answer 27

Alveoli | Squamous type I alveolar cells

Question 28

What type of pneumocyte consists most of the alveolar surface?

Answer 28

Type I cells | ~ 90% of the alveolar surface

Question 29

What is the function of the type II pneumocytes?

Answer 29

To produce and secrete surfactant

Question 30

Describe the histology of the visceral pleura

Answer 30

Multi-layered The outer layer of simple epithelium called mesothelium backed by layers of fibrous and elastic connective tissue This faces the parietal pleura which is generally similar but simpler