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SUGER > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Medulla has no what

A

renal corpuscles

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2
Q

how are tubules oriented

A

Tubules are orientated radially, pointing from the cortex to the medulla

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3
Q

Whats in the medulla

A

There are no glomeruli in the medulla - just tubes & blood vessels

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4
Q

What tubular structures are in the medulla

A

Tubular structures; tubules of the loop of henle (A), tubules of the collecting duct (CT) & blood vessels

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5
Q

What happens in the pelvis

A

The space that urine drains into - its continuous with the collecting ductsproximallyand the uretersdistally

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6
Q

What is the pelvis lined by

A

Lined by transitional epithelium (the same that is in the bladder)

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7
Q

What points into the renal pelvis

A

The tips of the medullary pyramids project into the renal pelvis - at this point the pyramids are composed purely of collecting ducts

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8
Q

Cells of the glomerulus

A

Most of the cells that can be seen are mesangial cells and capillary endothelial cells

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9
Q

What stain to distinguish mesangial cells

A

periodic acid shift (PAS)

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10
Q

How does PAS distinguish mesangial cells

A

PAS stains glycoproteins in the glomerulus basement membrane - highlighting capillaries and allowing you to see the mesangial cells in-between

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11
Q

What are the 3main functions of the mesangial cell’s smooth muscle

A
  1. Structural support for the capillary and production of extracellular matrix protein
  2. Contraction of these muscles in the glomerulus tightens the capillaries and reduces the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - this is important in tubuloglomerular feedback - where chemical changes in the tubules feedback to alter the GFR
  3. Involved in the phagocytosis of the glomerular filtration membrane breakdown products
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12
Q

2 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

afferent arteriole & distal convoluted tubule

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13
Q

Endothelium f the afferent arteriole

A

The endothelium of the afferent arteriole is expanded to form a mass of cells called GRANULAR CELLS which are able to DETECT BLOOD PRESSURE and secrete renin in response to a reduction in blood pressure

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14
Q

Epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule

A

CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

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15
Q

Why does the surface of the proximal convoluted tubule look fuzzy

A

Cells have microvilli that increase the surface area of the cell - why the surface looks FUZZY

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16
Q

why do the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have lots of mitochondria

A

The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have lots of mitochondria because they actively transportions from the glomerular filtrate including TWO THIRDS of the sodium & potassium

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17
Q

what does PCT reabsorb

A

NaCl, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids & glucose

These of the PCT cells also absorb the small protein molecules that got through the glomerulus

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18
Q

What do the lysosomes of the PCT do

A

Lysosomes are present which are involved in the degradation of small protein molecules that are reabsorbed from the urinary space

NOTE: there are more lysosomes in the proximal convoluted tubule that in the distal

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19
Q

What do the lysosomes of the PCT do

A

black dots

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20
Q

Thin segment of loop of henle`

A

simple squamous

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21
Q

Thick segment of loop of henle

A

low cuboidal

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22
Q

what supplies the loop of the henle

A

rich vasa recta

23
Q

What passes out of the thin descending limb

A

Water but NOTionspassivelyflow out of the thin descending limb into the high osmolarity interstitium - thereby concentrating the urine

The ions the body wants back are then actively pumped out of the ascending limb - leaving water & waste products

24
Q

how is the distal convoluted tubule recognised

A

Can be recognised since its cells DO NOT HAVE MICROVILLI meaning no “fuzzy” brush border is present

25
Q

what do you see when you look at the cortex

A

-Much shorter than the proximal convoluted tubule - meaning when you look at a section of cortex you can see much more of the proximal convoluted tubule

26
Q

What are the cells of the DCT like

A

Cells are CUBOIDAL and contain mitochondria

27
Q

Epithelium of the Collecting duct

A

CUBOIDAL

28
Q

Two cell types of the collecting duct

A

Principle cells and intercalated cells

29
Q

Function of principle cells of the collecting duct

A

respond to aldosterone (exchanging Na+ for K+) & ADH(increasing water reabsorption by the insertion of Aquaporin-2

30
Q

Function of aquaporin 2 of the collecting duct

A

(membrane channel for water reabsorption in the collecting duct) into the apical membrane of the cell)

31
Q

A mutation in the aquaporin 2 gene can cause what

A

a mutation in the aquaporin 2 gene can cause diabetes insipidus

32
Q

Function of intercalated cells of the collecting duct

A

responsible for exchangingacid FOR base (both ways)-

Alpha intercalated cells secrete ACID

Beta intercalated cells secrete BICARBONATE

33
Q

Which intercalated cells secrete what

A

Alpha intercalated cells secrete ACID

Beta intercalated cells secrete BICARBONATE

34
Q

How are the intercalated cells recognised

A

Can be recognised since they have a plumper epithelium that the loop of henle witha round central nuclei

35
Q

What epithelium lines the renal pelvis, what is this able to do

A

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM (urothelium) -

multilayered/stratified epithelium

that is able to stretch in three dimensions meaning that the volume of the cells stay the same but the thickness and area they cover changes

36
Q

what is transition; epithelium called

A

urothelium

37
Q

how thick is urothelium

A

around 5 cells thick

38
Q

How does the urothelium change according to the bladders movements

A

Can change shape & stretch - it can become more flat as the bladder distends or more cuboidal as the bladder empties

39
Q

What do the layers of (bladder) urothelium consist of

A

The surface layer consists of large dome-shaped UMBRELLA CELLS - large and cover several underlying intermediate cells - they have TIGHT JUNCTIONS (zona occludens) at their surface

  • to prevent urine getting in-between cells,

to keep apical membrane components from diffusing to the lateral aspect of the cell & to prevent material diffusing around the cell

The basal layer consists of CUBOIDAL CELLS

40
Q

Why do the cells of the (bladder) urothelium have tight junctions

A

to prevent urine getting in-between cells,

to keep apical membrane components from diffusing to the lateral aspect of the cell & to prevent material diffusing around the cell

41
Q

What does the basal layer of (bladder) urothelium consist of

A

The basal layer consists of CUBOIDAL CELLS

42
Q

How many layers of bladder epithelium are there and what are they

A

There are three layers to the bladder epithelium; surface layer, intermediate layer & basal layer

43
Q

What lines the ureters

A

transitional epithelium

44
Q

What is the ureter made of

how does this differ ti the GI tract

A

Spiral muscular tube; inner:longitudinal & outer:circular

NOTE: in the GI tract the inner layer is circular and the outer layer is longitudinal - OPPOSITE IN URETERS

45
Q

Do ureters have serosa

A

NO

46
Q

What other type of tissues is there

A

loose adventitia

47
Q

5 layers of the transitional epithelium of the bladder

A 
Layers:
•Lamina propria
•Muscularis mucosa
•Submucosa
•Muscularis propria
•Subserosa & serosa
48
Q

Why does the bladder have a functional valve

A

prevents reflux into the ureter

49
Q

What are the 2 sphincters of the the urethra and what are they made up of

A
  • Internal sphincter: smooth muscle from the bladder

- External sphincter: skeletal musclefrom the pelvic floor

50
Q

how long is the female urethra

A

4-5cm

51
Q

What lines the female urethra proximally and distally

A

Proximallytransitional epithelium

•Distallysquamous epithelium

52
Q

how long is the male urethra

A

20 cm

53
Q

What is the male urethra made up of and what lines it

A

3 parts:

  1. Prostatic urethra
  2. Membranous urethra (transitional epithelium)
  3. Penile urethra (pseudostratified epithelium proximally & stratifiedsquamous epithelium distally)

SUGER (3 decks)

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