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Endo-Repro Final > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue is responsible for sperm & androgen production?

A

Testes

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2
Q

What tissue is responsible for sperm transport (4)?

A
  • epididymis
  • ductus (vas) deferens
  • ejaculatory duct
  • urethra
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3
Q

What tissue is responsible for semen production and sperm nutrient source (3)?

A
  • seminal vesicle
  • prostate gland
  • bulbourethral glands
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4
Q

Name the 2 layers of CT surrounding the testes. What is the outermost layer derived from?

A
  • inner dense capsule = tunica albuginea

- outermost layer = tunica vagnalis (derived from peritoneum)

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5
Q

Through which part of the testes do sperm leave the seminiferous tubules?

A

through the rate testis -> enter epididymis

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6
Q

What are the 2 general populations of cells found within the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • somatic sertoli cells

- spermatogenic cells

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7
Q

What special layer is found in seminiferous epithelium?

A

peritubular myoid cells -> contract to project sperm out of seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What is found in between seminiferous tubules?

A

interstitial cells of Leydig

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9
Q

Describe sertoli cells histologically

A

columnar cells w/ extensive processes that surround spermatogenic cells
- Hallmark: cyclops nucleus (center of cells w/ dark staining nucleolus)

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10
Q

What are Sertoli-Sertoli complexes? What is present here and how do you see it?

A
  • tight junctions between sertoli cells that divides the seminiferous epithelium into basal and luminal compartments
  • site of the blood-testis barrier (found by drawing a line between sertoli cell nuclei
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11
Q

Where are spermatogonia located and where do they undergo meiosis and spermiogenesis?

A
  • located in the basal lamina of seminiferous tubules

- cross the Sertoli-Sertoli complex to enter luminal compartment to undergo meiosis and spermiogenesis

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12
Q

Why are sertoli cells called “nurse” cells?

A
  • function in exchange of substrates/waste

- phagocytose residual bodies and spermatogenic cells that fail to differentiate

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13
Q

What cells produce 95% of testosterone in the male reproductive system? How do they stain?

A

interstitial cells of Leydig - stain with many white dots due to the androgens not staining well

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14
Q

Type A vs Type B spermatogonia

A
  • Type A (true stem cells): remain in the basal lamina and undergo mitosis to create copies of itself and type B
  • Type B: cells that enter the meiotic stages as primary spermatocytes after crossing into the luminal compartment
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15
Q

Explain the development of spermatocytes in the luminal compartment

A

primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte -> spermatids -> late spermatids -> spermatozoa (lose residual bodies)

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16
Q

What changes are involved in spermiogenesis?

A
  • loss of residual body
  • develop acrosome and tail
  • nucleus reshapes from round to elongated
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17
Q

Describe the general structure of sperm

A
  • head partially capped w/ acrosome

- tail subdivided into middle piece (mitochondria), principal piece, and end piece

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18
Q

What is the axoneme and where is it located?

A

where mitochondria and microtubules work together to produce motility in the tail of sperm

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19
Q

Describe the sperm transport pathway

A

straight tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> epididymal duct -> ductus (vas) deferens -> ejaculatory duct

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20
Q

SEVEn-UP

A
  • seminiferous tubules
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • ejaculatory ducts
  • nothing
  • urethra
  • penis
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21
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the epididymis?

A

pseudostratified columnar w/ long branched stereocilia

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in the epididymis?

A
  • principal cells: columnar w/ stereocilia

- basal cells: undifferentiated precursors to principal cells

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23
Q

What occurs to sperm in the epididymis?

A
  • mature and gain forward motility

- mature sperm stored i the terminal portion

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24
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vas deferens?

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelia

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25
Q

What makes the vas deferens unique to identify histologically?

A

single lumen with a large muscular layer (inner and outer longitudinal; middle circular layer)

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26
Q

What do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

alkaline viscous fluid rich in fructose and prostaglandins; contributes to 75% of semen

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27
Q

Describe seminal vesicles histologically

A

highly folded pseudostratified columnar epithelium with walls of smooth muscle and an external CT capsule

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28
Q

What are the 3 zones of the prostate gland?

A
  • central zone: closest to prostatic urethra
  • transitional zone
  • peripheral zone: where majority of glandular tissue is located
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29
Q

Describe some pathology of the zones of the prostate?

A
  • 70-80% of prostate cancer occurs in the peripheral zone

- hypertrophy of prostate usually occurs in transitional/central zone

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30
Q

What type of epithelium lines the prostate gland?

A

simple columnar or pseudostratified epithelium

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31
Q

What is a hallmark of the prostate gland?

A

corpora amylacea - Ca deposits in the gland

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32
Q

What does the prostate produce?

A

zinc-rich alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidic vagina; also provides nutrients and liquefies semen

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33
Q

What type of epithelium lines the bulbourethral glands?

A

simple columnar epithelium

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34
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

secrete clear, mucus-like fluid that contains sugars -> major component of preseminal fluid that lubricates the urethra and neutralizes traces of acidic urine

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35
Q

What is the names of the erectile tissue found in the penis?

A
  • corpora cavernosa (x2) - enlarge and main cause of erection
  • corpus spongiosum (contains urethra)
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36
Q

What surrounds each of the penile erectile tissues?

A

dense CT capsule - tunica albuginea

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37
Q

What are helicine arteries?

A

branches of the deep artery of the penis that dilate and fill with blood during an erection

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38
Q

What allows a male to maintain an erection?

A

compression and restriction of venous outflow while dilating the helicine arteries w/ blood

39
Q

What type of epithelium lines the ovaries?

A

ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) -> simple squamous to low cuboidal

40
Q

What 2 regions is the ovary divided into

A
  • cortex: follicles w/ primary oocytes

- medulla: interstitial cells, neurovasculature and lymphatics

41
Q

What are the 3 general phases of folliculogenesis?

A
  • follicular phase: changes size of follicle
  • ovulatory phase
  • luteal phase
42
Q

What makes up a follicle?

A

single oocyte contained within a layer of follicle cells

43
Q

Define granulosa cells

A

follicular cells that proliferate and become stratified during folliculogenesis

44
Q

What surrounds primordial follicles?

A

simple squamous layer of granulosa cells

45
Q

What histological change is noted between primordial follicles and primary follicles?

A
  • single layer of squamous granulosa cells becomes simple cuboidal
  • zona pellucida begins to develop (separates oocyte from granulosa cells)
46
Q

What is the zone pellucida?

A

coat of glycoproteins that encases primary oocyte

47
Q

How do stromal change histologically in secondary follicles?

A

become stratified cuboidal epithelium and theca begins to organize

48
Q

Specify between theca interna and theca externa

A
  • theca interna: vascularized next to basal lamina; steroid producing (estradiol)
  • theca externa: fibroblasts and smooth muscle continuous w/ ovarian stroma
49
Q

What is the hallmark for a true secondary follicle?

A
  • Call-exner bodies: small intercellular spaces between granulosa cells
  • develop into an antrum: true cavity within the cell that contains follicular fluid (stains white)
50
Q

Where does follicular fluid come from?

A

derived from blood vessels of theca interna

51
Q

What is the hallmark of a mature follicle?

A
  • antrum takes up majority of follicular space

- development of cumulus oophorous, mural granulosa cell and corona radiata

52
Q

Define each of the following: cumulus oophorous, mural granulosa cell and corona radiata

A
  • cumulus oophorus: keep oocyte attached to the follicle
  • mura granulosa cells: line the wall of the follicle (secrete estrogen)
  • corona radiata: sit directly on top of the oocyte (like a crown)
53
Q

Describe histologically how the oocyte leaves the ovary during the ovulatory phase

A

bulge on surface of ovary forms and proteolytic activity of theca externa and tunica albuginea (create opening)

54
Q

What happens to the oocyte during the ovulatory phase and what causes it?

A

completes meiosis I and enters meiosis II due to LH surge

55
Q

How is the stigma repaired after ovulation?

A

mural granulosa cells and theca interna repair OSE damage

56
Q

Describe the changes that occur during the luteinization part of the luteal phase

A
  • breakdown follicle basal lamina
  • blood vessels invade antrum and blood coagulates (corpus hemorrhagicum)
  • mural granulosa cells - granulosa lutein cells
  • theca interna -> theca lutein cells
57
Q

What differentiates to produce the corpus luteum? What is the purpose of the corpus luteum?

A
  • mural granulosa cells

- promotes endometrial changes to support implantation (through large amounts of progesterone)

58
Q

What do granulosa lutein cells secrete?

A

progesterone and estrogen (stimulated by FSH/LH)

59
Q

What do theca lutein cells secrete?

A

produce androstenedione and progesterone (stimulated by LH)

60
Q

What 2 possilbity are there for the corpus luteum?

A
  • fertilization: continues to enlarge and produce hormones

- no fertilization: involution stage about 14 days after ovulation (luteolysis) - does not involve atresia

61
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

remnant scar tissue of corpus luteum

62
Q

What is follicular atresia?

A

failure of follicle to ovulate (can occur at any stage of development) - follicles degenerate (apoptosis) and form atretic follicles

63
Q

Describe atretic follicles histologically

A

glassy looking appearance that looks folded on itself with some space around follicular boundary

64
Q

Which part of the oviduct has the greatest number of mucosal folds?

A

greatest in the ampulla

65
Q

Name the 4 regions of the oviduct

A
  • proximal infundibulum w/fimbriae
  • ampulla
  • isthmus
  • intramural portion that opens into uterus
66
Q

Describe the mucosal wall of the oviduct histologically

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • ciliated cells
  • noncilliacted secretory cells (peg cells)
67
Q

Describe the development of the ciliated cells of oviduct

A
  • enlarge and grow with increased estrogen (follicular genesis)
  • lose cilia and decrease in height with increased progesterone (luteolysis)
68
Q

What is the function of the noncilliated secretory (peg) cells of oviduct?

A

secrete nutrients for egg during migration (increased secretion w/ high amounts of estrogen)

69
Q

What are the 2 layers of the endometrium?

A
  • functional layer: lost during mensuration

- basal layer: retained during menstruation

70
Q

What is the function of the muscular wall and cilia of the oviduct together?

A

peristaltic contraction propels the oocyte/zygote towards the uterus

71
Q

What vessels supply the endometrium?

A
  • arcuate As. - divided into 2:
  • straight segment: supplies basal layer (never lost)
  • coiled segment: supplies functional layer (stretches w/ endometrial growth)
72
Q

What occurs to coiled segments of arcuate As. before menstration?

A

contraction of A. at junction between coiled-straight segments -> reduced blood flow -> destruction of functional layer

73
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle histologically?

A
  • uterine glands proliferating

- spiral As. elongate

74
Q

The proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is dependent on what?

A

estrogen

75
Q

What occurs during the ischemic phase of the menstrual cycle histologically?

A
  • regression of corpus luteum
  • reduction of blood supply (ischemia)
  • necrosis of functional layer
76
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle histologically?

A
  • functional layer sloughed away
  • numerous RBCs and leukocytes
  • basal layer remains
77
Q

Describe the days of each of the following menstrual cycle phases: proliferative, secretory, ischemic, menstrual

A
  • proliferative: days 5-14
  • secretory: days 15-28
  • ischemic: about day 1
  • menstrual: days 1-4
78
Q

Describe the days of each of the following menstrual cycle phases: proliferative, secretory, ischemic, menstrual

A
  • proliferative: days 5-14
  • secretory: days 15-28
  • ischemic: about day 1
  • menstrual: days 1-4
79
Q

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle is dependent on what?

A

estrogen and progesterone

80
Q

How do you determine the basal layer of the endometrium historically?

A

right next to the myometrium

81
Q

During which phase is implantation most likely to occur?

A

secretory phase (day 15-28) - endometrium at max thickness

82
Q

Describe a decidual reaction and what is in response to?

A
  • in response to increased progesterone (after fertilization)
  • cells in lamina propria become decidual cells
83
Q

What is the function of the decidual cells?

A
  • store lipids and glycoproteins
  • provides immune-protective environment
  • moderates invasion of embryo from going to far
84
Q

What are the 2 zones of the cervix and describe them histologically? What is in between them?

A
  • endocervix: folded mucosa w/ deep crypts (mucus secreting); simple columnar
  • ectocervix: stratified squamous epithelium (stratified prevents invasion of outside pathogens)
  • transition zone: abrupt change between endocervix and ectocervix
85
Q

What is a hallmark of the endocervix?

A

nabothian cysts

86
Q

What are the 3 layers of the vagina?

A
  • mucosal layer: nonkeritinized stratified squamous
  • muscularis layer
  • adventitial layer
87
Q

Hallmark of the vaginal epithelium?

A

no glands

88
Q

Describe the cyclical changes that occur in the vagina histologically

A
  • ovulation (estrogen): stratified epithelium fully differentiated (acidophils seen)
  • after ovulation (progesterone): squamous cells decrease (basophils increase)
89
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle histologically?

A
  • glands are convoluted
  • endometrium reaches max thickness
  • spiral As. continue to grow
90
Q

What can likely occur in the transition zone of the cervix due to disorganized epithelial cells sloughing off before reaching maturity?

A

dysplasia and carcinoma

91
Q

Which HPV strains are high risk for cervical cancer?

A

HPV-16 and HPV-18

92
Q

What is the standard procedure for detecting cervical pathology?

A

pap smear

93
Q

What 3 stains are used in a pap smear?

A
  • eosin: superficial squamous cells stain pink/orange
  • light green: stains cytoplasm of less differentiated cells close to basal lamina
  • hematoxylin: stains nuclei dark blue/purple
94
Q

What is seen histologically in the labia majora?

A

pigmented skin w/ hair follicles and glands (apocrine and sebaceous)

Endo-Repro Final (7 decks)

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