Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Genitourinary > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 functions of the kidney?

A
  1. Filter the blood (to remove waste as urine)
  2. Regulate water, salt, acid-base balance (homeostatic control of body fluids)
  3. Regulate blood pressure
  4. Produce hormones/enzymes (erythropoeiten, renin angiotensin, vitamin D)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney?

A

The nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The nephron:
Where is it found?
Number per kidney?
Where does it drain to?

A

Found in cortex and medulla of kidney
1 million per kidney
Filtration and transportation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The nephron:

What is it comprised of?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle (capillary tuft enveloped by the tubule).

2. Proximal, thin, and distal tubules (each further subdivided)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the 9 sections of the nephron, in order?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle (glomerulus capillary tuft)
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule (squiggly)
  3. Proximal straight tubule
  4. Thin descending limb
  5. Thin ascending limb
  6. Thick ascending limb
  7. Distal convoluted tubule
  8. Connecting tubule
  9. Collecting duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name the 4 sections that make up the “Loop of Henle”, in order?

A
  1. Proximal straight tubule
  2. Thin descending limb
  3. Thin ascending limb
  4. Thick ascending limb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 5 the functions of the nephron, in order?

A
  1. Filtration
  2. Reabsorption
  3. Water extraction
  4. Salt fine tuning
  5. Regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs on the renal corpuscle?

A

Blood filtration

Mass filtration including - glucose, ions, but not blood cells or proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs in the proximal tubules (convoluted and straight)?

A

Reabsorption

65% of filtrate volume is reabsorbed - removing what should be kept and allowing waste to remain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What occurs in the thin (descending and ascending) and thick ascending limbs?

A

Water extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What occurs in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Salt fine tuning and pH regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What occurs in the collecting duct?

A

Reabsorption of H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure of the renal corpuscle (glomerulus)?

A
  1. Capillary tuft
  2. Surrounded by epithelial cells (podocytes and parietal epithelial cells)
  3. Podocytes envelope the capillaries
  4. Parietal epithelial cells form the outside layer - squamous epithelium (inside layer of Bowman’s capsule)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name the 6 components/areas of the renal corpuscle.

A
  1. Afferent arteriole
  2. Vascular pole (pole of the capsule that’s vascular)
  3. Podocytes on capillary tuft
  4. Parietal epithelium on outside layer (inside later of Bowman’s capsule)
  5. Urinary space
  6. Urinary pole
    Then the proximal tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe conceptually how embryonic development of the renal corpuscle occurs.

A
  1. The developing glomerulus with afferent and efferent ends is like a bundle of wool on its own.
  2. Bowmans capsule is invaginated by glomerulus.
  3. Cells on capillaries turn in to podocytes.
  4. Cells on the inside of Bowman’s capsule (against the glomerulus) turn in to parietal epithelial cells.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the glomerular filtration barrier, identify 3?

A
  1. Physical barrier
  2. Charge-selective barrier
  3. Restricts cells, albumin (most abundant proteins in plasma) and other large proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Identify the three major components of the glomerular filtration barrier.

A
  1. Endothelium - fenestrated glomerular capillary
  2. Basement membrane - Glomerular basement membrane
  3. Podocytes - filtration slits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the first glomerular filtration barrier, endothelium (fenestrated glomerular capillary).

A
  1. Holes (that are permeable to small molecules, but restricts cells).
  2. Negatively charged glycocalyx coat (repels proteins in the plasma, most of which are negatively charged.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the second glomerular filtration barrier, glomerular basement membrane.

A
  1. Thick
  2. Made up of collagen and negatively charged proteoglycans
  3. Has a dense core and less dense outer laters
  4. Acts as a physical (inner layer) and charge barrier (outer layers)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the third glomerular filtration barrier, podocytes (filtration slits)

A
  1. Adhere to the glomerular filtration barrier
  2. Primary and secondary processes that interdigitate
  3. Form slits linked by a protein bridge (slit membrane)
  4. Covered in a negatively charged glycocalyx coat.
21
Q

Describe the slit membrane

A
  1. Fine filter

2. Covered in glycocalyx coat (negatively charged)

22
Q

Recap - the glomerular filtration barrier.

A
  1. Endothelium glycocalyx (-ve charge)
  2. Less dense (-), Dense (physical), Less dense (-)
  3. Slit diaphragm (protein bridge)
  4. Podocyte glycocalyx (-ve charge)
  5. Urinary space
23
Q

Discuss podocyte effacement.

A
  1. Podocytes (octopus cells) are interdigitated units, with a foot process architecture.
  2. Effacement is a common pathological feature of glomerular disease where there is no digitation, and it areas appear flattened.
  3. Can develop in diuretic neuropathy and severe inflammatory conditions.
24
Q

Discuss the function of podocytes and then the issues associated with effacement.

A

Podocytes provide a squeezing force on the basal membrane, compressing the filtrate into a ell and acting like a filter.
Without the foot structures you don’t get the filter compression/gel substance.

25
Q

What is the main function of mesangial cells?

A

Mesangial Man :)

Maintain structure of the capillary tuft.

26
Q

What are mesangial cells, 4 points?

A
  1. Smooth muscle cells packed inside capillary tuft.
  2. Supportive/contractile role (maintain tuft shape).
  3. Produce extracellular matrix
  4. Involved in glomerulosclerosis (glomerular scarring)
27
Q

What occurs when gloremurular are damaged?

A

In and effort to repair the mesangial cell proliferate and extracellular matrix is deposited - resulting in the formation of scars.
Stage 1. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Stage 2. Diabetic nephropathy

28
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

A

Thick ascending limb - adjacent to of Bowmans capsule in between the afferent and efferent arterioles.

29
Q

What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus include?

A
  1. JG cells
  2. Macular dense cells.
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells.
30
Q

What are the juxtaglomerular cells?

A

Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of afferent arterioles that secrete renin.

31
Q

What are macular dense cells?

A

Special cells in the wall of the thick ascending limb the sense salt concentration in the filtrate.

32
Q

What are the two major regulatory functions performed by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Structural piece that helps nephron regulate its flow by sampling the salt that flows through.

  • If NaCl (salt) concentration is high in distal tubules then vasoconstriction occurs in afferent arterioles
  • If NaCl (salt) concentration is low > renin is induced > promotes production of angiotensin > increasing blood pressure > more blood through glomerular.
33
Q

What are the features of the proximal tubule cells: bulk reabsorption?

A
  1. Cuboidal epithelium
  2. Prominent brush border (microvilli) on apical surface to increase surface area for transporters.
  3. Vesicles (pinocytosis) for uptake of droplets with macromolecules eg. proteins.
  4. Lateral processes and inholdings (interdigitation) to increase surface area.
34
Q

What are the main features of the thin limb cells?

very difficult to see in the lab because they are so thin

A
  1. Thin squamous epithelium
  2. Role in water reabsorption as part of the Loop of Henle
  3. Nuclei bulge into the lumen
35
Q

What are the main features of the distal tubule cells?

A
  1. Cuboidal
  2. Interdigitating lateral processes and in-foldings (like proximal tubule cells)
  3. No brush border (short microvilli instead)
  4. No pinocytosis
36
Q

What are the functions of the distal tubule?

A
  1. Fine tuning salt and pH balance (distal convoluted tubule, and connecting tubule).
  2. Urine concentration (thick ascending limb).
37
Q

What are the main features of the collecting duct?

A
  1. Cuboidal and columnar epithelium
38
Q

What are the main functions of the collected duct?

A

Final modifier of water, salt, and pH of the urine.

39
Q

Describe the higher organisation of the kidney, 3 points.

A
  1. Contained within the renal capsule
  2. Made up of lobes (which contain lobules)
  3. Divided into cortex and medulla
40
Q

Describe the higher organisation of the cortex?

A
  1. Cortex contains lobules.
  2. Lobules encase the medullary rays.
  3. The cortex is the location of renal corpuscles and portions of the proximal and distal tubules.
41
Q

What are medullary rays?

A

Straight bundles within lobules containing collecting duct and proximal and distal tubules going to and from the medulla.

42
Q

Describe the higher organisation of the medulla?

A
  1. Medulla = conical structures called medullary pyramids
  2. Apex of medullary pyramid = renal papillae
  3. Papilla with slits enveloped by calyces
  4. The medulla is the location of the collecting ducts and Loop of Henle.
  5. Collecting ducts fuse to form large ducts that open at the renal papillae.
43
Q

What is the pathway of blood into the kidney?

A
  1. Renal artery
  2. Interlobar artery
  3. Arcuate artery (crosses from medulla to cortex)
  4. Interlobular artery
  5. Afferent arteriole
  6. Glomerulus - capillary tuft
44
Q

What is the pathway of blood out of the kidney?

A
  1. Interlobular vein
  2. Arcuate vein
  3. Interlobar vein
  4. Renal vein
45
Q

Where are the vasa recta located?

A

Located in medulla along side interlobar vessels.

46
Q

What is the function of the vasa recta?

A

Maintain salt levels in medulla.

47
Q

What are the main features of the cells within the ureter and bladder?

A
  1. Transitional epithelium - for expansion and contraction.
  2. Mucous membrane - for lubrication, protection from urine and pathogens.
  3. Sub-epithelial connective tissue’s/lamina propria (elastic.
  4. Smooth muscle layers (contractile; inner longitudinal and outer circular).
  5. Outside later of adventitia (elastic and harbours blood supply.
48
Q

What is the epithelial cell features of the urethra?

A

Initially lined by transitional epithelium > stratified columnar > stratified squamous

Genitourinary (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions