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Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major layers of the alimentary canal?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa/adventitia

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2
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae made up of? and where is it found?

A

smooth muscle, found in mucosal layer

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3
Q

Which layer of mucosa has increased leukocyte count and is made up of loose CT?

A

lamina propria

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4
Q

What kind of tissue makes up submucosa? What plexus is there?

A

dense CT, Meissner’s plexus

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5
Q

What tissue makes up the muscularis externa? What plexus is there?

A

smooth or skeletal muscle, Auerbach’s (myenteric) plexus

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6
Q

Is serosa or adventitia found within the peritoneal cavity?

A

serosa

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7
Q

The oral cavity lacks what two layers?

A

muscularis externa and serosa/adventitia

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8
Q

Describe the mucosa of the oral cavity?

A

lacks muscularis mucosae, is non-keratinized stratified squamous

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9
Q

What does the submucosa in the oral cavity have?

A

minor salivary galnds that are mucous secreting

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10
Q

What are the four types of lingual papillae?

A

filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate

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11
Q

Which papillae does not have taste buds?

A

filiform

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12
Q

Which taste bud is located at the back of the tongue and are large and circular?

A

circumvallate

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13
Q

What kind of ducts empty in the groove around circumvallate papillae?

A

serous lingual salivary glands/ von Ebners glands

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14
Q

What papillae has a mushroom shape and are more prominent on the front of the tongue?

A

fungiform

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15
Q

Which papillae has parallel low ridges ridges and are on the lateral part of the tongue?

A

foliate

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16
Q

What two papillae are associated with von Ebners glands?

A

circumvallate and foliate

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17
Q

What is the opening on the apical surface of a taste bud called?

A

taste pore

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18
Q

What are the five major functions of saliva?

A 
lubrication
digest carbs
antibacterial 
IgA 
calcium and phosphate ion source
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19
Q

What are the three major components of extrinsic salivary glands?

A

stroma, secretory part, ductal system

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20
Q

Describe the stroma of an extrinsic salivary gland?

A

dense CT, septa dives and divides into lobules, increased number of adipocytes

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21
Q

Describe serous acinai

A

protein-secreting, euchromatic nuclei, basophilic (RER), spherical shape

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22
Q

Describe mucous acinai

A

mucous-secreting, heterochromatic nuclei, mucous secretory granules staining lightly, columnar/tubular

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23
Q

What is a feature of a mixed acini?

A

serous demilunes

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24
Q

What are contractile cells in the basal part of acinar cells?

A

myoepithelial cells

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25
Q

What are two segments of intralobular ducts?

A

intercalated ducts and striated ducts

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26
Q

What are intercalated ducts?

A

segment of intralobular ducts that begin directly from secretory acini and drain to striated ducts, low cuboidal epithelium, basal nucleus

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27
Q

What are striated ducts?

A

second segment of intralobular ducts that connect intercalated ducts to interlobular ducts; simple columnar, numerous infoldings and longish mitochondria within, actively resorbing ions

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28
Q

Is saliva hypotonic or hypertonic? How does this occur?

A

hypotonic, striated ducts are actively transporting NaCl from saliva

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29
Q

What classification of cells make up interlobular ducts?

A

stratified columnar

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30
Q

What major salivary gland is deemed serous only and is the largest?

A

parotid

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31
Q

What major salivary gland is deemed a mixed gland but mostly mucous?

A

sublingual gland

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32
Q

What major salivary gland is deemed a mixed gland but mostly serous?

A

submandibular gland

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33
Q

What is the most common tumor derived from salivary glands?

A

pleomorphic adenoma, composed of ductal and myoepithelial cells

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34
Q

How is the mucosa in the esophagus classified?

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

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35
Q

How is the muscularis mucosae different in the esophagus?

A

it has longitudinally oriented bundles of smooth muscle, not in a sheet

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36
Q

What types of glands are in the esophagus? Where are they?

A

mucosal glands (esophageal cardiac glands) in terminal esophagus and esophageal glands proper throughout

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37
Q

How does the muscularis externa change throughout the esophagus?

A

starts as skeletal muscle, then is mixed, then is smooth muscle closer to the stomach

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38
Q

Does the esophagus have serosa or adventitia?

A

adventitia covers most of the esophagus but the distal portion near the stomach has serosa

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39
Q

What cell type covers the gastric mucosa?

A

surface mucous cell, simple columnar

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40
Q

What does the surface mucous cell create?

A

insoluble mucous from mucinogen granules to protect from chyme

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41
Q

What three glands are within the lamina propria of the stomach?

A

fundic glands, cardiac glands, and pyloric glands

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42
Q

What are the five types of cells associated with fundic glands?

A 
parietal cells
gastric chief cells
mucous neck cells
enteroendocrine cells
progenitor cells
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43
Q

What cell is found in the neck and secretes soluble mucous, has heterochromatic basal nucleus?

A

mucous neck cells

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44
Q

What cell secretes pepsinogen?

A

gastric chief cell

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45
Q

What cell produces HCl? What else does this cell secrete?

A

parietal cell; also secretes intrinsic factor

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46
Q

What cells are found in the isthmus and can replace both surface mucous cells and fundic gland cells?

A

progenitor cells

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47
Q

What cells are found in the base of the fundic glands and secrete their contents to the lamina propria?

A

enteroendocrine cells

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48
Q

Actively secreting parietal cells have what?

A

intracellular canaliculi with increased number of microvilli, making HCl

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49
Q

Resting parietal cells store the apical membrane where?

A

tubulovesicular system

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50
Q

A lack or deficiency of parietal cells can lead to what?

A

pernicious anemia

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51
Q

Where are cardiac glands found?

A

in the narrow ring around the esophageal orifice

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52
Q

What do cardiac glands lack, compared to fundic glands?

A

parietal and chief cells

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53
Q

How would you differentiate cardiac glands from pyloric glands?

A

cardiac glands have much shallower gastric pits than pyloric glands

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54
Q

How would you describe the shape of pyloric glands?

A

branched, coiled, tubular with deep gastric pits

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55
Q

Describe gastric muscularis mucosae

A

continuous sheet of smooth muscle, circular and longitudinal

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56
Q

Does the submucosa of the stomach have glands?

A

no glands

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57
Q

What are the layers of muscularis externa in the stomach?

A

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

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58
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus found?

A

between middle circular and outer longitudinal layers of muscularis externa

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59
Q

Describe the serosa of the stomach

A

mesothelium and thin layer of subserosal connective tissue

60
Q

What are 5 functions of the small intestine?

A

digest
absorption
synthesis and secretion of digestive enzymes
control microbial growth
regulate system via enteroendocrine cells

61
Q

What are permanent folds in the SI called that have a core of submucosa? Where are they found?

A

pilicae circulares found mostly in distal duodenum and proximal jejunum

62
Q

What do pilicae circulares in the SI do?

A

increase surface area for absorption

63
Q

Mucosa in the SI has what structure that is not found anywhere else in the canal?

A

villi, finger-like evaginations into the lumen

64
Q

What is the core of a villus made of? What is the structures purpose?

A

loose CT of lamina propria, to increase surface area for absorption

65
Q

What is the clinical concern if villi are destroyed?

A

gluten enteropathy/ celiac disease

66
Q

What kind of cells make up the surface epithelium in the SI, including vill?

A

simple columnar

67
Q

What is the predominant cell type in SI? What is its role?

A

enterocytes/intestinal absorptive cells; absorb nutrients and produce digestive enzymes

68
Q

Where do the final stages of carb digestion occur?

A

in glycocalyx of enterocytes

69
Q

Lipids diffuse through absorptive cell membranes. resynthesize, and go to SER, then Golgi to become what?

A

get a protein coat and become chylomicra

70
Q

Why are intraepithelial lymphocytes different from other cells in the SI?

A

they are blood derived, providing mucosal immunity

71
Q

Where are M cells found

A

only in epithelium overlying lymphoid follicles (peyers patches)

72
Q

What do M cells do?

A

antigen-transporting cells - take from lumen to lymphoid follicle

73
Q

What cell is tall and columnar, has numerous microvilli, making a brush border?

A

enterocytes

74
Q

What cells function is the production of mucous, is unicellular, and interspersed throughout the SI?

A

goblet cells

75
Q

The apical portion of enterocytes are intestine bound by what?

A

tight and anchoring junctions, establishing a barrier between intestinal lumen and epithelial intercellular

76
Q

What cell is large and dome shaped, has a pocket with macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes?

A

M cells

77
Q

What are the mucosal glands in the SI called and what is their structure?

A

crypts of liberkuhn, simple tubular, invaginations of surface epithelium, open near base of vili

78
Q

What two additional cells are found in mucosal glands?

A

paneth and progenitor cells

79
Q

What cells are at the bottom of crypts and regulate bacterial growth?

A

paneth cells - have numerous large eosinophilic granules in apical protion, granules have antibacterial

80
Q

How are progenitor cells recognized? What cell type can they not replace?

A

mitotic figures, cant replace intraepithelial lymphocytes

81
Q

What layer of mucosa are lymphoid follicles found in? What is the barrier they form called?

A

lamina propria, GALT

82
Q

Peyers patches are going to be in what section of SI?

A

ileum

83
Q

Blood supply of SI is organized into what?

A

capillary loops

84
Q

Each villus contains a central blind-ended lymphatic capillary called what?

A

lacteal

85
Q

Where does a lacteal drain/what does it do?

A

drains into larger lymphatic vessels in submucosa, transports lipids in the form of chylomicra produced by enterocytes

86
Q

Submucosal glands in the duodenum are called what?

A

Brunners glands

87
Q

describe the glands found in the submucosa of the SI

A

mucous producing, branched tubular, proximal duodenum, alkaline secretions to neutralize acid containing chyme

88
Q

What parts of SI are covered with serosa? adventitia?

A

serosa - jejunum and ileum, adventitia covers most of duodenum

89
Q

Where will I find the most number of goblet cells and shorter vili?

A

ileum

90
Q

What is the function of the LI?

A

reabsorb electrolytes and water; elimination of undigested food and waste

91
Q

Why is the mucosa different in the LI? What cells are absent?

A

no villi in LI, Paneth cells are absent

92
Q

What cells predominate here and what cells are more numerous here than SI?

A

enterocytes predominate, goblet cells are more numerous

93
Q

Does the LI have crypts of Liberkuhn?

A

yes, with progenitor cells deep within

94
Q

What is the most common and malignant tumor of the LI? What are risk factors for this?

A

adenocarcinoma

RF: adenomatous polups or UC

95
Q

In the muscularis externa of LI, the outer longitudinal layer forms 3 thickened bands called what?

A

teniae coli

96
Q

Serosa of the LI contains small fatty progections visible on the outer intestinal surface called what?

A

omental or epiploic appendices

97
Q

Where will the best expressed teniae coli be?

A

colon (transverse?)

98
Q

Vermiform appendix has what within?

A

aggregated lymphatic follicles

99
Q

the rectum, different from other areas, has what?

A

prominent transverse rectal folds

100
Q

is the pancreas an exocrine or endocrine gland?

A

both

101
Q

Describe the stroma of the pancreas.

A

thin, CT capsules, dives into the organ as septa, creating lobules

102
Q

As an exocrine gland, is the pancreas serous or mucous?

A

serous, making digestive enzymes/proenzymes

103
Q

Secretory acini of the pancreas are made of what type of cells? Describe them

A

pancreatic acinar cells, protein-secreting, round, euchromatic nucleus, basal RER, secretory granules, bulls eye appearance, pyramidal

104
Q

Why are intralobular ducts in the pancreas special?

A

are within lobule and begin from within the acinus

105
Q

What are the ductal cells found within secretory acinus called? What do they look like?

A

centroacinar cells, continuous with intercalated duct cells, squamous and light stain

106
Q

What is a short portion of intralobular duct with low simple cuboidal cells called?

A

intercalated ducts

107
Q

What does an intercalted duct in the pancreas do?

A

adds bicarb and H20 to exocrine secretion, drains to intralobular collecting ducts

108
Q

What kind of cells line interlobular ducts of the pancreas? What do these ducts do?

A

lined with simple columar, drain directly into main pancreatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla of duodenum

109
Q

What stimulates the secretion of enzymes from exocrine pancreas?

A

secretin, CCK, and hormones

110
Q

Endocrine pancreas is formed by what? What is the primary role?

A

islets of langerhahns, secrete hormones that regulate blood glucose

111
Q

How is endocrine pancreas arranged?

A

islets scattered throughout, more in tail; cells follow blood capillaries (clusters of pale surrounded by dark serous acini of exocrine)

112
Q

What cells secrete insulin? What does insulin do?

A

B cells; decrease blood glucose

113
Q

What cells secrete glucagon? What does glucagon do?

A

A cells; increase blood glucose, stimulates synthesis of glucose from metabolites and release of glucose into blood

114
Q

What cells secrete somatostatin? What does somatostatin do?

A

D cells; role unclear, possibly inhibits release of both insulin and glucagon

115
Q

What are the contents and functions of bile in the liver?

A

water, bile salts to emulsify fats, bilirubin end product of hemoglobin break down, electrolytes establish and maintain bile as isotonic fluid

116
Q

What plasma proteins does the liver synthesize?

A

albumin, prothrombin, fibrinogen, non-immune alpha and beta globulins

117
Q

What does the liver release lipids as?

A

VLDL into blood

118
Q

What form of glucose does the liver store and what metabolic process takes place here?

A

glycogen, glycogenolysis

119
Q

What vitamins and other things are stored or converted in the liver?

A

storage Vit A
converts Vit D to circulating form
Vit K from SI to liver by chylomicra (partially used and secreted with VLDL)
storage-meteabolism- homeostasis of iron

120
Q

What structures aid in detoxificiation?

A

SER and peroxisomes

121
Q

What are organized plates of hepatocytes that are 1 cell thick and separated by sinusoidal capillaries?

A

parenchyma

122
Q

What is the connective tissue covering of the liver called?

A

Glisson’s capsule

123
Q

Lobules are built around what in classic form of the liver?

A

around vasculature

124
Q

What blood supply has more nutrients than it does oxygen? What forms this vascular structure?

A

portal vein created by joining of SMV and splenic vein

125
Q

Where does the hepatic artery come from?

A

celiac trunk

126
Q

Outflow from hepatic lobules eventually drains where?

A

into hepatic vein and IVC

127
Q

Within the liver, portal vein and hepatic a form what?

A

conducting branches to interlobular spaces

128
Q

Interlobular branches of portal vein and hepatic artery are located within interlobular spaces and constitute part of what?

A

portal triad

129
Q

Terminal branches deliver blood to where? What are the next few steps?

A

to hepatic sinusoids - large discontinuous capillaries - to central vein - to sublobular veins to collecting tributaries of hepatic veins

130
Q

What has thicker CT, central vein or sublobular vein?

A

sublobular vein (central veins drain into these)

131
Q

What organelles are found in hepatocytes?

A

binucleated euchromatic nucleus, lots of mito, good RER and Golgi, lots of SER and peroxisomes, large number of glycogen particles, lysozymes

132
Q

What are the blood derived monocytes in the liver called? Where do they reside?

A

Kupffer cells in hepatic sinusoids

133
Q

Where are the fat-storing cells located? What do they store? What are they derived from?

A

space of Disse, store Vit A, derived from fibroblasts

134
Q

What goes through the center of the classic hepatic lobule?

A

central vein

135
Q

Plates of hepatocytes are separated by what?

A

hepatic sinusoids

136
Q

What is the narrow space between hepatocytes and the basement membrane of sinusoids called?

A

space of disse

137
Q

What do portal canals do?

A

bring blood to the lobule and collect bile from the lobule, contain portal triad and loose CT

138
Q

What direction does blood flow in hepatocyte lobules? bile flow?

A

blood flows from periphery to central vein, bile flows from center lobule to periphery

139
Q

Describe a portal lobule

A

emphasizes the exocrine function of the liver and production of bile.
centered on portal triad, so the duct is located in the middle of the lobule, more like in most exocrine glands; outer margins are imaginary lines drawn bt the 3 closest central veins

140
Q

What is a liver acinus structure centered around?

A

centered on terminal branches of portal vein/hepatic artery and on canals of Hering

141
Q

What does liver acinus structure emphasize? How is it organized?

A

different O2 and nutrient contents of blood present; zones 1-3

142
Q

What zone will die first bc of decreased circulation?

A

zone 3

143
Q

What zone would be the last to die but the first to regenerate?

A

zone 1

144
Q

What is the smallest branch of the biliary tree?

A

bile canaliculus

145
Q

What are the steps for bile exiting?

A

to bile ductules (low cuboidal), to interlobular bile ducts (within portal triad), to L and R hepatic ducts, to common hepatic duct

146
Q

What layer of mucosa does the GB not have?

A

muscularis mucosae

147
Q

Muscularis externa of the GB is made of what in order to do what function?

A

smooth muscle and collagen in order to contract

GI (6 decks)

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