Histology Flashcards
1
Q
Thyroid - hormone info
A
- TH-major metabolic hormone & is released in blood by elevated TSH levels
- TH- T3+T4–needs iodine to be activated
- T4 –thyroxine (med for hyperthyroidism)
- T3–active form & T4 is converted to T3 when active
2
Q
TSH
A
A fat soluble H-so it needs a carrier protein for blood transport-TBG
3
Q
TBG
A
Thyroid binding globulin
4
Q
parafollicular cells
A
- produce H called calcitonin (calcium)
- inhibits osteoclasts and stimulates osteoblasts–lowers Ca++ when Ca++ level is high
- released by high Ca++ levels–decrease blood Ca++
- impact with kids
5
Q
Parathyroid gland
A
- Ca++ homeostasis –PTH–increase osteoclast activity (break down bone to release Ca++ into body) – increase Ca++
- humoral release
- osteoporosis could mean PTH levels high
- most important for adult Ca++ homeostasis
6
Q
Chief cells
A
in parathyroid glands principal cells=parathyroid cells not much cytoplasm stain dark blue more abundant than oxyphil
7
Q
oxyphil cells
A
- unknown function
- in parathyroid glands
- a lot more cytoplasm than a chief cell
8
Q
Adrenal (suprarenal) gland
A
- located in the fat above each kidney
- very vascular
- adrenal cortex (3 layers)
- adrenal medulla
9
Q
adrenal cortex
A
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata
- zona reticularis
10
Q
zona glomerulosa hormone
A
- aldosterone –cause kidneys to retain Na+ and excrete K+
- stimulus for release is elevated K+
- ACTH is not impact for aldosterone release
11
Q
zona fasciculata- hormone info
A
- cortisol (hydrocortisone)–makes new glucose from fats & proteins (amino acids)
- cortisol in excess is anti-inflammatory & anti-immune
- RH arthritis flare, transplants–prednesone (form of cortisol)
12
Q
zona reticularis - hormone info
A
- weak androgens–male & female hormones
* at target tissue they are converted to testosterone & estrogen
13
Q
andrenal medulla
A
- catecholamines
* 75% E (metabolism) and 25% NE (vasoconstrictor)
14
Q
Pancreas
A
- pancreatic islets (Langerhan’s) are the endocrine part
- alpha cells
- beta cells
- negative feedback balancing act
15
Q
alpha cells
A
- pancreas
- reddish/pinkish
- release glucagon which increases blood glucose
- targets liver primarily–glycogen (stored form) break down & glucose into blood stream ex: hypoglycemia; sleeping
16
Q
beta cells
A
- pancreas
- bluish
- produce insulin which decreases blood glucose
- insulin is a 51 amino acid protein that affects almost all of our cells
17
Q
Pineal gland
A
- melatonin
* antigonadotropic
18
Q
thymus hormone info
A
- thymic H–responsible for differentiation of WBC called lymphocyte–T cell lymphocyte
- big player in immune system
19
Q
erythrocyte
A
- RBC
- biconcave disc
- no nucleus
- carry Hb
- about 44-45% of whole blood volume
20
Q
Hemoglobin
A
- Hb
- consists of 4 hemes (contain iron in each) plus 1 globin
- function is to carry or transport O2
- each Hb carries a max of 4 O2 molecules
- can also transport CO2
21
Q
leukocytes
A
granulocytes: neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils
agranulocytes: lymphocytes; monocytes
22
Q
neutrophils
A
- most numerous
- faint granules
- nucleus has 3-6 lobes; multilobed
- phagocytes: associated with acute bacterial infection
- Granules: enzymes & antibiotic like proteins called defensins
- bigger than lymphocyte; nucleus is very odd; granules don’t take up stain
23
Q
eosinophils
A
- 1-4%
- dark red granules
- nucleus has 2 lobes
- granules: enzymes that kill parasitic worms
- contribute to tissue damage
- Larger; granules take up stain
24
Q
basophils
A
- .5%
- blue/black granules: contain histamin & heparin
- nucleus typically U shaped
- histamine: potent vasodilator–increases diameter of BV (makes them leaky)
- increases inflammatory response
- much bigger than lymphocyte; granules obscure nucleus
25
lymphocytes
* about 25%
* B and T cells of immunity
* smallest of all WBC; very little cytoplasm
26
monocytes
* approx 5%
* called macrophages if in tissues
* largest of all with big nucleus
27
Thyroid location
*overlies the trachea and inferior to the larynx
28
Thyroid histology
* structure is colloid filled follicles
| * follicle cells produce thyroid hormone in inactive form a& store in the colloid material
29
parafollicular cells
*in the Thyroid
30
parathyroid gland histology
more cellular
* chief cells
* oxyphil cells
31
zona glomerulosa
* mineralcorticoids - ion balance
| * controls minerals or ions
32
zona fasciculata
* glucocorticoids-metabolic hormones
| * help us make glucose to make ATP
33
zona glomerulosa histology
*thinnest layer of the three (on top near the capsule)
34
zona fasciculata histology
*thickest layer in histology
35
zona reticularis histology
*less thick layer of the 3...closest to medulla
36
zona reticularis
*mainly gonadocorticoids
37
thymus
* mostly active when young
| * decreases in size after puberty--pretty big in newborn
