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FUNMED > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pseudostratified columnar epithelia?

A

Single layer of cells of differing heights

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2
Q

What is transitional epithelia?

A

Where the basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and the apical cells are squamous or dome-like

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3
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelia which lines closed body cavities

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4
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Ducted glands which secrete substances onto epithelium

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5
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Duct-less glands which secrete substances directly into the blood

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6
Q

What is a serosa?

A

Complex tissue which lines closed body cavities and consists of epithelia and underlying connective tissue

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7
Q

How many microns are there in a millimeter?

A

1,000

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8
Q

What are all connective tissue cells derived from?

A

Mesenchymal cell

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9
Q

Name the 5 types of connective tissue

A

Fibrocollagenous, cartilage, blood, bone, fat (adipose)

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10
Q

How is fibrocollagenous tissue classified?

A

By quantity of collagen fibres, type of collagen fibre, and organisation of collagen fibres

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11
Q

Describe loose/areolar fibrocollagenous connective tissue

A

Relatively little type I collagen (in random directions), some type III collagen, some elastic fibres, has fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and some white blood cells

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12
Q

Describe dense irregular fibrocollagenous connective tissue

A

Abundance of collagen type I (in random directions), some elastic fibres, fibroblast is main cell, provides ability to withstand tension in many directions

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13
Q

Describe dense regular fibrocollagenous connective tissue

A

Abundance of collagen type I (in one direction only), few elastic fibres, mainly fibroblasts, found in tendons and most ligaments, withstands great tensile strength if force applied in one direction

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14
Q

Describe reticular fibrocollagenous connective tissue

A

Fine meshwork of collagen type III, loose ground substance, soft internal skeleton formed by fibres (stroma), mainly found in lymphoid organs

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15
Q

Describe white adipose connective tissue

A

Main adult fat store, insulates, shock absorber, made of unilocular adipocytes (lipids fuses into one big droplet)

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16
Q

Describe brown adipose connective tissue

A

Involved in thermoregulation in neonates, multilocular adipocytes, organised into lobules by fibrocollagenous septa

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17
Q

Describe the extracellular matrix of cartilage

A

Sulphated GAGs, rich in proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid and type II colalgen

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18
Q

What are the different types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

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19
Q

Where do chondrocytes lie?

A

In lacunae (lake)

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20
Q

Describe fibrocartilage and where it is found?

A

Contains both type I (stronger) and type II collagen fibres and is found in IV discs, pubic symphysis, and knee menisci

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21
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

A specialised layer of condensed, highly vascular fibrocollagenous tissue with chondroblasts embedded (for repair)

22
Q

What are muscle cells derived from?

A

Mesoderm

23
Q

What is the basement membrane of muscle cells called?

A

External lamina

24
Q

Why does muscle stain bright pink?

A

Due to large amounts of myofilament in cytoplasm

25
Q

Describe endomysium

A

Supporting reticular fibre network which carries capillaries and nerves to the muscle cells (fibres)

26
Q

Describe perimysium

A

Surrounds muscle fascicles

27
Q

Describe epimysium

A

Surrounds whole muscle with collagen and elastic fibres embedded, it is continuous with tendons and muscle attachments

28
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Stem cells which can add to muscle, and are found beneath the basement membrane

29
Q

What do fibroblasts do in muscle?

A

Help produce endomysium

30
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

Just the myosin filament, no overlap with actin

31
Q

What is the I-band?

A

Just the actin filament

32
Q

What is the A-band?

A

All of the myosin filament, including overlap with actin

33
Q

What is the M-line?

A

Thickest portion of the myosin filament

34
Q

What is the Z-line?

A

Marks end of sarcomere (actin)

35
Q

Describe cardiac muscle cells

A

Branching, multinucleate cells which meet at intercalated discs

36
Q

Why does a fibrocollagenous scar form in cardiac damage?

A

Cardiac muscle doesn’t have any satellite cells and therefore cannot repair itself and a scar forms instead

37
Q

Describe smooth muscle cells

A

Spindle-shaped cells with a central nuclei, no striations and that are closely arranged to form sheets

38
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

Cells which have processes which surround secretory portions of exocrine glands, and contraction allows movement into the duct

39
Q

What are myofibroblasts?

A

Specialised cell that produces collagen it also have actin and desmin filaments which have a large role in wound healing –> proliferate to produce fibrocollagenous scar –> contraction reduces the size of damaged area in healing process

40
Q

What are pericytes?

A

Stem cells that are associated with capillaries and venules, and following injury proliferate to form new endothelial cells, fibroblasts or myofibroblasts

41
Q

What does a Nissl stain show?

A

It stains RNA and DNA

42
Q

What is a nervous system nucleus (or PNS ganglion)?

A

Collection of neurones with common circuity and function (in grey matter)

43
Q

What is neuropil?

A

Dense tangle of neuroal axons, dendrites and glial processes and is site of communication between various components

44
Q

What glial cells are present in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglia

45
Q

Describe astrocytes

A

Highly branched cell that surrounds the surfaces of neurones and blood vessels in the CNS and an important part of the BBB; proliferates at the site of injury to form a ‘glial scar’

46
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin by wrapping membrane around axons (one cell can myelinate many axons)

47
Q

Describe microglia

A

Specialised macrophages in CNS (smallest cell and hard to see without stain)

48
Q

What glial cells are present in the peripheral nervous system

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

49
Q

Describe Schwann cells

A

Myelinate axons (1 Schwann cell segment per axon)

50
Q

Describe satellite cells

A

Similar to the astrocytes of the CNS (physical and metabolic support)

51
Q

Define ‘motor unit’

A

Motor neurone and all of the skeletal muscle fibres it contracts

52
Q

What does immunohistochemistry involve?

A

Using labelled antibodies to detect specific antigens in tissue secretions; primary antibody binds to antigen and then a secondary antibody binds to that antibody with a marker e.g. fluorescence

FUNMED (8 decks)

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