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Year 2 - Renal (DP) > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

How does the kidney act as an endocrine gland?

A

Produces:

 - Renin
 - Erythropoietin
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2
Q

What is the kidney covered by?

A

Thin, strong, collagen capsule

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3
Q

What is the medulla divided into and what direction do they point in?

A

Pyramids:

- Apices point to hilum (papillae)

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4
Q

What is each nephron composed of?

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubules

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5
Q

What is the approximate length of each nephron?

A

45-65mm

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6
Q

What is the renal corpuscle formed from?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

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7
Q

What epithelium makes up the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous

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8
Q

How many cell layers separate the blood and glomerular filtrate? What are these layers?

A

Two:

 - Capillary endothelium
 - Specialised epithelium on top of capillaries:
 - Podocytes
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9
Q

What do the podocytes form?

A

Filtration slits (~25nm wide)

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10
Q

What lies between the cell layers separating the blood and glomerular filtrate?

A

Thicker basal lamina (0.3μm instead of 0.05μm):

- Made of Glycosaminoglycan (GAGs)

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11
Q

What forms the mesangium and what does it do?

A

Mesangial cells
Functions as connective tissue core:
- Support
- Removes debris

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12
Q

Where does the Loop of Henle lie?

A

In the renal medulla

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13
Q

What is the structure of the cells lining the thin descending limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous

Nuclei protrude into lumen

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14
Q

What is the structure of the cells lining the thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle?

A

Simple cuboidal

Abundant mitochondria

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15
Q

Where is the distal convoluted tubule found?

A

Cortex

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16
Q

What lines the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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17
Q

What does the DCT lack that the PCT has?

A

A brush border

18
Q

Where do the collecting ducts run alongside?

A

Straight segments of PCT and DCT in cortex

19
Q

Coupled with the structures collecting ducts run alongside, what is the name for these bundles?

A

Medullary rays:

- Parallel bundles

20
Q

What direction do the medullary rays run?

A

Perpendicular to kidney surface

21
Q

In the medulla, what do the collecting ducts run alongside?

A

Loops of Henle

22
Q

What epithelium lines the collecting ducts?

A

Simple columnar

23
Q

Where do the juxtaglomerula apparatuses form?

A

At site where DCT passes:

- Adjacent to vascular pole of same renal corpuscle

24
Q

What are the three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Macula densa
Juxtaglomerular cells
Extraglomerular mesangial cells/Lacis cells

25
Q

Where does the macula densa lie?

A

On side of DCT closest to afferent arteriole

26
Q

What are the features of the DCT cells?

A

Taller
Crowded
Intensely stained nuclei

27
Q

What do macula densa do?

A

Sense DCT ion composition

28
Q

What are the juxtaglomerular cells and what do they do?

A

Modified smooth muscle in afferent arteriole wall

Contain and secrete renin

29
Q

What are the extraglomerular mesangial cells?

A

Modified mesangial cells that extend out of the corpuscle

30
Q

What type of the epithelium is the urothelium?

A

Transitional stratified epithelium (3-6 cells)

31
Q

What are the cells at the luminal surface of the urothelium?

A 
Umbrella cells (domed):
     - Special thickened and inflexible membrane
32
Q

Why does the urothelium have a special structure?

A

Variable thickness:
- Different states of distension
Apical surface of cells have a thickened membrane:
- Impermeable

33
Q

What lies below the urothelium and what is it?

A

Lamina propria:

- 2-3 layers of smooth muscle

34
Q

How long is the urethra in women?

A

3-5cm

35
Q

What epithelium is the female urethra?

A

Transitional and then stratified squamous

36
Q

How long is the urethra in men?

A

~20cm

37
Q

How long is the prostatic urethra and what lines it?

A

3-4cm

Transitional epithelium

38
Q

How long is the membranous urethra, where does it like and what lines it?

A

~1cm:
- From prostate to bulb of penis
Transitional -> Stratified columnar epithelium

39
Q

How long is the penile urethra and what lines it?

A 
~15cm
Stratified columnar (stratified squamous at tip of penis)
40
Q

What glands form the prostate gland?

A

Tubulo-alveolar

41
Q

What type of epithelium are the tubules in the prostate gland lined with?

A

Simple columnar secretory epithelium with fibromuscular stroma

42
Q

What fraction of seminal fluid volume is made up of prostate gland secretions?

A

~1/2

Year 2 - Renal (DP) (15 decks)

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