Histology Flashcards by Nacher Mohan

Which cells are BINUCLEAR?

Hepatocytes (Liver)
Cardiac muscle
Epithelial cells of the UT

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Transcription involves what two products?

DNA + mRNA

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Translation involves what two products?

mRNA + Protein

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Ribosomes create an acidic and stainable cell called?

Cytoplasmic Basophilic phenomenon

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What organelle sequester’s Ca+?

SER

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Primary lysosomes are made up of what two products?

Collagenases
and
Acids

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What is the name of incomplete or inactive lysosome?

Residual Body

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What is Tay-Sach’s disease and what are the characteristics?

Lysosomes which are incomplete. Autosomal Recessive, 1st yo will have a “cherry red spot” and unfortunately the pt will die at the age of 2 yo.

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What are two items that are involved with zonula adherens, which results in the products holding two cells together?

Tonofilaments and Mucoproteins

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What type of cells are part of the inner lining of blood vessels?

Simple Squamous

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What type of cells are part of the Thyroid gland?

Simple Cuboidal

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What type of cells are part of the GI Tract?

Simple Columnar

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What type of cells are part of the Respiratory tract?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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What is part of cells that prevents dehydration and mechanical stress?

Keratin

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What type of cells are part of sweat glands?

Stratified Cuboidal

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What type of cells are part of the Anus?

Stratified Columnar

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What type of cell and gland are Apocrine?

Gland of Moll

Goblet cells

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What is the stenson’s duct?

Where the parotid gland is excreted into the mouth, which is above the upper 2nd molar

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What is Sjrogren’s syndrome?

Damaged salivary gland

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The Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine, which of the two is duct less and involves what three products from the islet’s of langerhans?

Endocrine: Somatostatin, Insulin and Glucagon

Note: DM and Grave’s Disease are both endocrine diseases

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In the Adrenal Gland, what type of cells create colloid? What is colloid?

Follicular cells and colloid is inactive but is a hormone which can be modified to T3 and T4 by TSH, if needed.

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In the Adrenal Gland, what type of cells inhibit osteoclasts?

Parafollicular, which produces calcitonin.

Note: Parathyroid gland which can increase Calcium in the blood.

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True or False. Hyperthyroidism and hair loss are synonymous.

True. Eyelashes can be lost as well

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What are the three layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland and hormones do they produce?

Glomerucula = Aldosterone (Salt)
Fasciculata   = Cortisol (Sugar)
Androgen     = Androgen (Sex)

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What is the name of the depression in the roof of the mouth, which invaginates to form the Anterior Pitutary Gland? What embryonic structure is it derived from?

Rathke's Pouch Ectoderm

What type of Acidophil produces growth hormones during puberty?

Somatotrophs The other Acidophil is Mammotrophs, which generate prolactin.

What type of tumors cause gigantism in kids and acromegaly in adults?

Acidophil tumors

What are the three types of Basophils and what hormone to do they produce?

Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH Thyrotrophs - TSH Corticotrophs - ACTH (directs the adrenal cortex hormone)

What is the purpose of the Posterior Pituitary and where does it embryologically originate from?

Storage and release Originates: Diencephalon

What are the 2 nuclei that produce ADH and Oxytocin and where are these two hormone's stored?

Paraventricular and Supraopti Nuclei's Posterior Pituitary in Herring Bodies

What type of CT tissue is blood, bone and cartilage?

Specialized. The other type of CT is proper

Where is CT derived from?

Mesenchyme

True or False. There are less fiber in CT than epithelium.

False. There are generally more fibers of CT than epithelium

What type of cells become Plasma?

Mature B Lymphocytes

What type of cells contain heparin and histamine?

Mast cells

What are the three type of Monocytes in the body?

Microglia (Brain) Kupffer cells (LIver) Monocytes - until it leaves the blood stream, then they are called macrophages

What type of CT helps maintaining blood flow through capillary walls but becomes damaged when DM is present?

Pericytes (Hemeorraging and Diabetic Retinopathy will occur)

Since Collagen is the predominant fiber in the body, what is 1/3 of collagen comprised of?

Glycine

Elastic fibers are another type of CT but what are the major areas they are located in?

``` Made up of Elastin, so they are located in: Dermis of skin Aorta High pressured vessels Hyaluronic acid (VITREOUS) ``` Note: UV damage causes wrinkles

Reticular fibers are associated with?

Lymphoid and Myeloid tissues

Keratin is ___% of GAG's in the cornea, which is also in bone and cartilege. While, Chondrotin sulfate is ___% of GAG's in the cornea, which is found in bone, cartilege and heart valves.

Keratin 66% Chondroitin sulfate 33% Note: Proteoglycans are comprised of a sulfated GAG bound to a protein

Since Plasma is 55% of blood, what is Plasma majority of made up of?

Water

What maintains blood osmolarity and is the most abundant protein in the plasma?

Albumin

What is the lifespan od RBC's?

120 days Note: In the spleen, Iron is reused and globulins become bile.

What is the most abundant cell in the body?

RBC's

What is more predominant in the RBC, Hemoglobin or Globulins?

Globulins 95% due to the fact there are 4 of them per RBC. Hemoglobin 5%, where there is one and Fe+ is predominant

Where do WBC's originate from?

Bone Marrow They are further subdivided into Granular and Agranular

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?

Basophils, Eosinophils and Neutrophils

Agranulocytes are mononucear cells, which one are they?

Lymphocytes and monocytes

What is the most common and least common WBC in the body?

Most: Neutrophils Least: Basophils Order: Neutrophils>Lymphocytes>Monocytes>Eosinophils>Basophils

What type of hypersensitivity are Basophils associated with?

Type 1

In an allergic reaction, you will see what type of WBC?

Eosinophils

What is the largest blood cells in the boday?

Monocytes

What is the chief immune cells involved in fighting Viral invasion?

Lymphocytes

What is the process of a blood clot occurring?

Platelets produce Thromboplastin, which then converts Prothrombin to Thrombin, which acts as a converter Fibrogen (in our blood stream all the time) to Fibrin Fibrin then forms a blood clot.

All blood cells originate from ____ stem cell in the bone marrow in a process called ____________?

1 stem cell | Hemopoiesis

What type of Bone cells surrounds the central artery and is responsible for maintenance of the matrix?

Osteocytes

What type of bone cell produce the matrix called lamellae and remove Ca from the blood and deposit it in the bone.

Osteoblasts

What type of hormone will decrease Ca+ by inhibiting Osteoclasts and phophorous in kidney's?

Calcitonin

Since Calcitonin, tones down Ca+ what will increase Ca+ in the blood stream?

Parathyroid hormone, which stimulates osteoclasts

What is the primary type of collagen?

Type 2

What type of muscle is Iris sphincter and Iris dilator?

Smooth muscle

What type Neuron is found in the Retina?

Bipolar Note: The most common type is multi-nuclear

Orthograde impulse occurs in the Retina, causing ONH pallor. Where does the impulse go from to where?

Cell body to Axon PRP laser causes the death of these the Cell body.

What is the name when a action potential skips an action potential from one node to another.

Saltatory conduction

What type of myelin provides support for capillaries and contributes to the blood/brain barrier?

Astrocytes

What type of carcinoma can occur at the Stratum Spinosum?

Squamous cell carcinoma Note: Similar to Actinic Keratosis (scaly pink lesion)

UV exposure to the Stratum Basale will cause what type of carcinoma?

Basal cell carcinoma

Tanning will cause an increase in what type of basal cell?

Melanosomes not Melanocytes. Melanosomes wrap around melanin but Melanocytes protect from UV light

What enzyme deficiency occurs in Ocular albinism?

Tyrosinase Tyrosin to melanin won't occur.

Where are the nerve endings located in the skin?

Dermis

Everywhere in the body, blood vessels all have simple squamous epithlium, except in what region?

The lymphnodes, which are cuboidal cells

True or False. There is hyaline cartilage in Bronchioles aswell as bronchi's?

False. Only in bronchi's it is present.

What type of pneumocyte will divide and possiblly replace type 1 pneumocytes?

Type 2 Note: Type 2 has surfactant involved to lower surface tension

What is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach?

Intrinsic factor and secrete HCL Note: Intrinsic factor is something that helps with the absorption of B12 (cobalamin)

What is the main sphincter of the pancreas?

Sphincter of Oddi

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum DJ-I

Where does the digestion of proteins start?

Stomach, but most of it occurs in the duodenum and Jejunum

Where does the digestion of carbohydrates start?

Mouth, but is completed by the duodenum Note: Lipid digestion doesn't occur til the duodenum

What is the largest gland in the body?

Liver

What is larger the hepatic artery or hepatic vein?

Hepatic vein Note: The hepatic vein carries oxygen depleted but has nutrient rich products.

What organ regulates the amount of sugar in the body?

Liver If sugar is low, glycogen is dumped into the blood stream and vice a versa

Histology Flashcards

(82 cards)