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NBEO - Details > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells are BINUCLEAR?

A

Hepatocytes (Liver)
Cardiac muscle
Epithelial cells of the UT

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2
Q

Transcription involves what two products?

A

DNA + mRNA

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3
Q

Translation involves what two products?

A

mRNA + Protein

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4
Q

Ribosomes create an acidic and stainable cell called?

A

Cytoplasmic Basophilic phenomenon

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5
Q

What organelle sequester’s Ca+?

A

SER

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6
Q

Primary lysosomes are made up of what two products?

A

Collagenases
and
Acids

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7
Q

What is the name of incomplete or inactive lysosome?

A

Residual Body

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8
Q

What is Tay-Sach’s disease and what are the characteristics?

A

Lysosomes which are incomplete. Autosomal Recessive, 1st yo will have a “cherry red spot” and unfortunately the pt will die at the age of 2 yo.

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9
Q

What are two items that are involved with zonula adherens, which results in the products holding two cells together?

A

Tonofilaments and Mucoproteins

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10
Q

What type of cells are part of the inner lining of blood vessels?

A

Simple Squamous

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11
Q

What type of cells are part of the Thyroid gland?

A

Simple Cuboidal

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12
Q

What type of cells are part of the GI Tract?

A

Simple Columnar

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13
Q

What type of cells are part of the Respiratory tract?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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14
Q

What is part of cells that prevents dehydration and mechanical stress?

A

Keratin

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15
Q

What type of cells are part of sweat glands?

A

Stratified Cuboidal

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16
Q

What type of cells are part of the Anus?

A

Stratified Columnar

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17
Q

What type of cell and gland are Apocrine?

A

Gland of Moll

Goblet cells

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18
Q

What is the stenson’s duct?

A

Where the parotid gland is excreted into the mouth, which is above the upper 2nd molar

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19
Q

What is Sjrogren’s syndrome?

A

Damaged salivary gland

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20
Q

The Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine, which of the two is duct less and involves what three products from the islet’s of langerhans?

A

Endocrine: Somatostatin, Insulin and Glucagon

Note: DM and Grave’s Disease are both endocrine diseases

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21
Q

In the Adrenal Gland, what type of cells create colloid? What is colloid?

A

Follicular cells and colloid is inactive but is a hormone which can be modified to T3 and T4 by TSH, if needed.

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22
Q

In the Adrenal Gland, what type of cells inhibit osteoclasts?

A

Parafollicular, which produces calcitonin.

Note: Parathyroid gland which can increase Calcium in the blood.

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23
Q

True or False. Hyperthyroidism and hair loss are synonymous.

A

True. Eyelashes can be lost as well

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24
Q

What are the three layers of the cortex of the adrenal gland and hormones do they produce?

A 
Glomerucula = Aldosterone (Salt)
Fasciculata   = Cortisol (Sugar)
Androgen     = Androgen (Sex)
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25
Q

What is the name of the depression in the roof of the mouth, which invaginates to form the Anterior Pitutary Gland? What embryonic structure is it derived from?

A

Rathke’s Pouch

Ectoderm

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26
Q

What type of Acidophil produces growth hormones during puberty?

A

Somatotrophs

The other Acidophil is Mammotrophs, which generate prolactin.

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27
Q

What type of tumors cause gigantism in kids and acromegaly in adults?

A

Acidophil tumors

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28
Q

What are the three types of Basophils and what hormone to do they produce?

A

Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH
Thyrotrophs - TSH
Corticotrophs - ACTH (directs the adrenal cortex hormone)

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29
Q

What is the purpose of the Posterior Pituitary and where does it embryologically originate from?

A

Storage and release

Originates: Diencephalon

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30
Q

What are the 2 nuclei that produce ADH and Oxytocin and where are these two hormone’s stored?

A

Paraventricular and Supraopti Nuclei’s

Posterior Pituitary in Herring Bodies

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31
Q

What type of CT tissue is blood, bone and cartilage?

A

Specialized.

The other type of CT is proper

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32
Q

Where is CT derived from?

A

Mesenchyme

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33
Q

True or False. There are less fiber in CT than epithelium.

A

False. There are generally more fibers of CT than epithelium

34
Q

What type of cells become Plasma?

A

Mature B Lymphocytes

35
Q

What type of cells contain heparin and histamine?

A

Mast cells

36
Q

What are the three type of Monocytes in the body?

A

Microglia (Brain)
Kupffer cells (LIver)
Monocytes - until it leaves the blood stream, then they are called macrophages

37
Q

What type of CT helps maintaining blood flow through capillary walls but becomes damaged when DM is present?

A

Pericytes (Hemeorraging and Diabetic Retinopathy will occur)

38
Q

Since Collagen is the predominant fiber in the body, what is 1/3 of collagen comprised of?

A

Glycine

39
Q

Elastic fibers are another type of CT but what are the major areas they are located in?

A 
Made up of Elastin, so they are located in:
Dermis of skin
Aorta
High pressured vessels
Hyaluronic acid (VITREOUS)

Note: UV damage causes wrinkles

40
Q

Reticular fibers are associated with?

A

Lymphoid and Myeloid tissues

41
Q

Keratin is ___% of GAG’s in the cornea, which is also in bone and cartilege. While, Chondrotin sulfate is ___% of GAG’s in the cornea, which is found in bone, cartilege and heart valves.

A

Keratin 66%

Chondroitin sulfate 33%

Note: Proteoglycans are comprised of a sulfated GAG bound to a protein

42
Q

Since Plasma is 55% of blood, what is Plasma majority of made up of?

A

Water

43
Q

What maintains blood osmolarity and is the most abundant protein in the plasma?

A

Albumin

44
Q

What is the lifespan od RBC’s?

A

120 days

Note: In the spleen, Iron is reused and globulins become bile.

45
Q

What is the most abundant cell in the body?

A

RBC’s

46
Q

What is more predominant in the RBC, Hemoglobin or Globulins?

A

Globulins 95% due to the fact there are 4 of them per RBC.

Hemoglobin 5%, where there is one and Fe+ is predominant

47
Q

Where do WBC’s originate from?

A

Bone Marrow

They are further subdivided into Granular and Agranular

48
Q

What are the 3 types of Granulocytes?

A

Basophils, Eosinophils and Neutrophils

49
Q

Agranulocytes are mononucear cells, which one are they?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

50
Q

What is the most common and least common WBC in the body?

A

Most: Neutrophils
Least: Basophils

Order: Neutrophils>Lymphocytes>Monocytes>Eosinophils>Basophils

51
Q

What type of hypersensitivity are Basophils associated with?

A

Type 1

52
Q

In an allergic reaction, you will see what type of WBC?

A

Eosinophils

53
Q

What is the largest blood cells in the boday?

A

Monocytes

54
Q

What is the chief immune cells involved in fighting Viral invasion?

A

Lymphocytes

55
Q

What is the process of a blood clot occurring?

A

Platelets produce Thromboplastin, which then converts
Prothrombin to Thrombin, which acts as a converter
Fibrogen (in our blood stream all the time) to Fibrin
Fibrin then forms a blood clot.

56
Q

All blood cells originate from ____ stem cell in the bone marrow in a process called ____________?

A

1 stem cell

Hemopoiesis

57
Q

What type of Bone cells surrounds the central artery and is responsible for maintenance of the matrix?

A

Osteocytes

58
Q

What type of bone cell produce the matrix called lamellae and remove Ca from the blood and deposit it in the bone.

A

Osteoblasts

59
Q

What type of hormone will decrease Ca+ by inhibiting Osteoclasts and phophorous in kidney’s?

A

Calcitonin

60
Q

Since Calcitonin, tones down Ca+ what will increase Ca+ in the blood stream?

A

Parathyroid hormone, which stimulates osteoclasts

61
Q

What is the primary type of collagen?

A

Type 2

62
Q

What type of muscle is Iris sphincter and Iris dilator?

A

Smooth muscle

63
Q

What type Neuron is found in the Retina?

A

Bipolar

Note: The most common type is multi-nuclear

64
Q

Orthograde impulse occurs in the Retina, causing ONH pallor. Where does the impulse go from to where?

A

Cell body to Axon

PRP laser causes the death of these the Cell body.

65
Q

What is the name when a action potential skips an action potential from one node to another.

A

Saltatory conduction

66
Q

What type of myelin provides support for capillaries and contributes to the blood/brain barrier?

A

Astrocytes

67
Q

What type of carcinoma can occur at the Stratum Spinosum?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Note: Similar to Actinic Keratosis (scaly pink lesion)

68
Q

UV exposure to the Stratum Basale will cause what type of carcinoma?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

69
Q

Tanning will cause an increase in what type of basal cell?

A

Melanosomes not Melanocytes.

Melanosomes wrap around melanin but Melanocytes protect from UV light

70
Q

What enzyme deficiency occurs in Ocular albinism?

A

Tyrosinase

Tyrosin to melanin won’t occur.

71
Q

Where are the nerve endings located in the skin?

A

Dermis

72
Q

Everywhere in the body, blood vessels all have simple squamous epithlium, except in what region?

A

The lymphnodes, which are cuboidal cells

73
Q

True or False. There is hyaline cartilage in Bronchioles aswell as bronchi’s?

A

False. Only in bronchi’s it is present.

74
Q

What type of pneumocyte will divide and possiblly replace type 1 pneumocytes?

A

Type 2

Note: Type 2 has surfactant involved to lower surface tension

75
Q

What is secreted by the parietal cells in the stomach?

A

Intrinsic factor and secrete HCL

Note: Intrinsic factor is something that helps with the absorption of B12 (cobalamin)

76
Q

What is the main sphincter of the pancreas?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

77
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

DJ-I

78
Q

Where does the digestion of proteins start?

A

Stomach, but most of it occurs in the duodenum and Jejunum

79
Q

Where does the digestion of carbohydrates start?

A

Mouth, but is completed by the duodenum

Note: Lipid digestion doesn’t occur til the duodenum

80
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

81
Q

What is larger the hepatic artery or hepatic vein?

A

Hepatic vein

Note: The hepatic vein carries oxygen depleted but has nutrient rich products.

82
Q

What organ regulates the amount of sugar in the body?

A

Liver

If sugar is low, glycogen is dumped into the blood stream and vice a versa

NBEO - Details (2 decks)

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