Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CPR Exam 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue: describe the basic fiber characteristics. Name the 3 types of muscle tissue.

A
  • Elongated cells specialized for contraction. Shortest in smooth muscle of vessels.
  • Arranged in parallel sheets or aggregated bundles (Sm. muscle).
  • Smooth, Cardiac, and Skeletal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Identify and Describe structural features of smooth muscle.

A
  • Grouped, fusiform cells, overlap.
  • Eosinophilic. No cross-striactions.
  • Long, central nucleus.
  • Little extracellular CT.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify and Describe the following Smooth Muscle component:
-Sarcolemma

A

-Sarcolemma: cell membrane and external lamina of smooth muscle. Has many gap junctions and caveolae: regulate Calcium release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify and Describe the following Smooth Muscle component:
-Sarcoplasm

A

-Sarcoplasm: cytoplasm of muscle fiber. SR stores Calcium. Has mitochondria, myofilaments, and dense bodies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify and Describe the following Smooth Muscle component:
-Myofilaments

A

-Myofilaments:
Thick filaments: myosin
Thin filaments: actin. Tropomyosin, Calmodulin. Attach to dense bodies via alpha-actinin.
Intermediate filaments: Desmin, Vimentin, Attach to dense bodies via alpha-actinin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify and Describe the following Smooth Muscle component:
-Dense bodies

A
  • Located on sarcolemma and in sarcoplasm.
  • Attachments for thin/intermediate filaments as well as adherent junctions.
  • Transmits contractile force to adjacent cells and endomysium (CT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the relationship of the 3 CT layers seen in muscles.

  1. Endomysium (inner)
  2. Perimysium
  3. Epimysium
A
  1. Endomysium: surrounds individual muscle fibers/cells. made up of thin loose CT containing Fibroblasts, Largely reticular fibers (Type II collagen fibers, hold ells together during contractions), Nerves/Capillaries.
  2. Perimysium: thin loose CT septa. Surrounds fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers).
  3. Epimysium: not prominent in Smooth m (deep investing fascia). Surrounds entire muscle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the regenerative capacity of Smooth muscle.

A

After injury, viable cells undergo mitosis and replace damaged tissue. Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the pathway of the respiratory tree.

A
  • Nasal cavities, Nasopharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Primary bronchi, Intrapulmonary bronchi, Terminal Bronchioles.
  • Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs, Alveoli.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify and Describe respiratory epithelium.

  • AKA?
  • What does it line?
  • 5 Cell types?
A
  • AKA pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
  • Lines conduction portion of respiratory system (down to terminal bronchioles).
  • Ciliated columnar, Basal, Goblet, Brush, Small granule.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Identify and Describe the 5 cell types of respiratory epithelium.

A
  • -Ciliated columnar: abundant apical cilia.
  • -Basal: small round cells at BM. Stem cells.
  • -Goblet: dome shaped apical surface. Give sandpaper texture to apical surface. Produce mucin.
  • -Brush: Chemosensory receptors. Blunt microvilli.
  • -Small granule (Kuchitsky): dense core granules at basal surface. Hard to see.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify and describe the 3 layers of the tracheal wall.

A
  1. Mucosa (inner). Respiratory epithelium underlain by Lamina propria (loose fibroelastic CT and mucous/seromucous glands), then Elastic lamina fibers that separate submucosa.
  2. Submucosa (middle). Dense, irregular fibroelastic CT. Seromucous glands. Hyaline cartilage prevent tracheal collapse. Trachealis muscle bridges C-rings posteriorly. Contraction reduces tracheal diameter.
    - Hyaline Cartilage is avascular, Type II collagen, Stains fuzzy or glassy. Chondrocytes in lacunae.
  3. Adventitia (outside): Fibroelastic CT anchors trachea to adjoining structures, elastic prevents excessive luminal dissension, contains blood vessels. No definitive edge.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Identify and describe unique characteristics of Primary Bronchi

A

Similar to trachea but lamina propria is separated from submucosa by SM. Fewer seromucous glands. Flattened hyaline cartilage without distanct rings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Identify and describe unique characteristics of intrapulmonary bronchi.

A
  • AKA Secondary and Tertiary Bronchi.
  • Alveoli surround the gradually decreasing diameter.
    1. Mucosa has folded appearance.
    2. Submucosa with irregular plates of hyaline cartilage.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Identify and describe unique characteristics of terminal bronchioles.

A
  • No cartilage, No glands, No goblet cells. Clara cells present with dome shaped apical ends projecting into lumen (electron dense apical secretory granules for surfactant and immune defense).
  • Lamina propria with lymphocytes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Identify and describe unique characteristics of respiratory bronchioles.

A
  • Have openings to alveoli for gas exchange. Smooth muscle only near alveoli openings.
  • Clara cells.
  • No goblet cells, No glands, No cartilage.
17
Q

Identify and describe unique characteristics of alveolar ducts.

A
  • These are simple squamous epithelium, end in alveolar sacs (grape bunches).
  • Smooth muscle strands surround alveolar openings.
18
Q

Identify and describe unique characteristics of alveolar sacs.

A

-Larger clusters of alveoli at the end of alveolar duct (occasionally along their length)

19
Q

Identify and describe unique characteristics of alveoli.

  • Fxn
  • Components of Interalveolar wall.
  • Pores
A

-Primary site of gas exchange.

  • Interalveolar septa (wall) components:
    1. Surface epithelium: continuous lining with Type I and II pneumocytes.
    2. Capillaries: Form plexus around each alveolus.
    3. Supporting CT: Fibroblasts, Macrophages, and Leukocytes. Elastic fibers allow expansion/contraction with respiration. Reticular fibers prevent collapse and excessive dissension of alveoli.

-Alveolar Pores: allow for collateral circulation of air by penetrating inter alveolar septa. Equalize air pressure in alveoli.

20
Q

Identify and Describe the basic function of the Blood-Air Barrier as well as it’s cellular components.

A
  • AKA respiratory membrane. Thinnest regions of inter alveolar septum. Air in alveoli separated from capillary blood by these 3 components below:
    1. Pneumocytes lining alveolus.
    2. Fused basal laminae of cells.
    3. Endothelial cells of capillary.
21
Q

Identify and describe the Type I pneumocytes present in alveoli.

  • Presence
  • Role in Blood air barrier
  • Fxn
A
  • 95% of alveolar surface
  • Maintain alveolar side of blood-air barrier.
  • Desmosomes and tight junctions Prevent ISF flowing into alveolar air space
22
Q

Identify and describe Type II pneumocytes in alveoli.

  • location
  • Cell shape
  • Fxn
A
  • Thicknesses of the septum
  • Cuboidal cells that bulge into alveoli and have short apical microvilli with LAMELLAR BODIES.
  • Secrete pulmonary surfactant.
23
Q

Identify and describe alveolar macrophages.

  • AKA
  • Shape
  • Derivative
  • Fxn
A
  • AKA Dust cells
  • Irregular shape with pseudopods, lysosomes, and indented nucleus.
  • Derived from monocytes.
  • Remove dust, bacteria, and phagocyose RBC from damaged capillaries.
24
Q

Describe how the body reacts to inhalation f toxic gases damaging pneumocytes/alveolar lining.

A

TYpe II pneumocytes act as stem cells. Create both Type I and Type II. Turnover about 1% per day.
-Clara cells can divide and migrate to give rise to pneumocytes in response to toxic stress as well.

25
Q

Describe the general layout of lung vasculature and lymphatics.

A
  • Branches of the pulmonary artery follow the bronchial tree, share adventitia.
  • Capillary networks are located in inter alveolar septa and surround each alveolus.
  • Lymphatic vessels originate in CT of bronchioles and drain into lymph nodes at the hilum. (Won’t see them at alveolar duct or lower).
26
Q

Identify and Describe mesothelium and loose CT as a part of the pleural membranes.

A
  • Mesothelium is simple squamous epithelium that helps produce serous fluid.
  • Underlyin loose CT contains collagen and elastic fibers of the visceral pleura that are continuous with those of the pulmonary parenchyma.
27
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of erythrocytes.

  • Shape/Contents
  • Color pattern
  • Describe Rouleax
A
  • Flexible biconcave discs, no nuclei, densely packed with Hgb.
  • Pale center, Eosinophilic peripheral zone (pink)
  • Rouleaux; cells adhere to one another in stacks.
28
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of neutrophils (type of granulocyte)

A
  • 3-5 lobed nucleus.
  • Faint/light pink granules
  • 1-4 days lifespan
  • Phagocytose bacteria
29
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of eosinophils (type of granulocyte)

A
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • red/dark pink granules
  • Specific Granules on EM (hot dog bun)
  • 1-2 week lifespan
  • Kill helminthic/parasites. Modulate local inflammation
30
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of basophils (type of granulocyte)

A
  • Bilobed/S-Shaped
  • Dark blue/purple granules. Hard to see on LM.
  • Several month lifespan
  • release histamine during allergy. Modulate inflammation
31
Q

IIdentify and describe the functions and characteristics of lymphocytes (type of agranulocyte)

A
  • Spherical nucleus
  • Hours-Years lifespan
  • Effector and regulatory cells for adaptive immunity
32
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of monocytes (type of agranulocyte)

A
  • Indented/C-Shaped nucleus.
  • Hours-Years lifespan
  • Macrphage precursors
33
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of megakaryocytes.

A
  • Giant cells.
  • Large, irregularly lobulated nuclei.
  • Lightly basobhilic.
  • Has pseuodpods.
34
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of platelets

A
  • Small, no nuclei, appear in clumps.
  • Derived from megakaryocytic.
  • Hyalmore: peripheral region is pale blue/pink
  • Granulomere: central region: stains darker blue/purple. Delta and alpha granules.
35
Q

Identify and describe the functions and characteristics of bone marrow (LM only)

  • Types
  • Components and gen. description
A
  • Red marrow: active hemopoiesis. All marrow in newborns.
  • yellow Marrow: filled with adipocytes.
  • Stroma: loose CT: Retic fibers (Type III collagen), Stromal cells (fibroblasts), Adipocytes.
  • Hemopoietic cords: Islands of cells. erthropoeitic cords closer to caps.
  • Capillaries (aka sinusoids): between cords. endothelial lining. Leaky.

CPR Exam 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions