Histology Flashcards

1
Q

A Band

A

Anisotropic, only colored in polarized light, thick and thin. Bisected by M line.

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2
Q

I band

A

Isotropic, bisected by Z disc, only actin

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3
Q

Z disc

A

Bisects I bands. Area between 2 z discs = sarcomere.

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4
Q

H band

A

Only thick. Area around M line.

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5
Q

Types of striated muscle

A

Skeletal (move skeleton), visceral striated (tongue, pharynx, diaphragm, upper esophagus), cardiac (in the walls and base of large veins of the heart)

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6
Q

Structure of troponin

A

3 subunits: TnC (calcium), TnI (actin), TnT (tropomyosin)

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7
Q

Tropomyosin

A

masks myosin binding site on actin

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8
Q

Triad

A

At A-I junction. 2 terminal cisterna of sarcoplasmic reticulum and 1 T-tubule. depolarization of the t tubule membrane triggers release of calcium from the terminal cisternae to initiate uscle contraction.

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9
Q

dystrophin

A

binds ECM to actin filaments through dystroglycans

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10
Q

Titin

A

spring, centers thick filament (@ z disc)

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11
Q

Myosin II structure

A

dimer, 2 heads (globular). 1 ATP ginding site, 1 actin binding site. 2 necks: regulatory light chain x 2, essential light chain x 2. Tail: coiled coil –> bipolar arrangement –> bare zone (no heads)

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12
Q

alpha actinin

A

binds actin to z disc

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13
Q

desmin

A

intermediate filament binding sarcomeres to each other around z discs

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14
Q

m line proteins

A

hold thick together

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15
Q

What happens in contraction

A

Calcium binds to troponin –> tropomyoin moves out of the way –> ATP regulates muscle contraction –> shortening of I band.

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16
Q

Types of muscle fibers

A

Type I: slow twitch, A. Type 2A: fast-twitch. Type 2B: fast twitch anaerobic.

17
Q

Type 1 muscle fiber

A

slow twitch, A (aerobic), small force, sustained activity, dark meat, myosin- ATPase rxn is slowest. Resistant to fatigue

18
Q

Type 2A muscle fiber

A

fast-twitch, glycolitic “I”, larger, pink (myoglobin), intermediate force, resistant to fatigue

19
Q

Type 2B muscle fiber

A

fasttwitch glycolitic, anaerobic. Fatigable, large force, lots of glycogen, fastest myosin ATPase activity –> lots of lactic acid

20
Q

terminal cisternae

A

serve as reservoirs for calcium. Plasma membrane contains an abundance of gated calcium release channels called ryanodine receptors.

21
Q

Ryanodine receptors

A

gated calcium release channels involved in releasing calcium into the sarcoplasm.

22
Q

calsequestrin

A

highly acidic calcum-binding protein capable of binding up to 50 internalized calcium ions; allows storage at high concentration.

23
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

ACh nicotinic receptors are blocked by antibodies directed to the body’s own receptor proteein. Autoimmune disease caused by the reduced number of functional ACh receptor sites. –> weakening of the muscle fiber response to nerve stimulus. Begins with extraocular muscles. AChE inhibitors = pharmacological treatment. (extend the life of released ACh within the synaptic cleft).

24
Q

curare

A

paralyzing poison used on arrow tips in South America, binds to nictinic ACh receptors without opening the ion channels. –> paralysis of skeletal muscles including the diaphragm) without affecting contraction of cardiac muscle.

25
Muscle spindle
specialized stretch receptor found in all skeletal muscles, consists of spindle cells and neuron terminals. 2 types of spindle cells: nuclear bag fiber and nuclear chain fiber.
26
Nuclear bag fiber
(in muscle spindle) type of spindle cell containing an aggregation of nuclei in an expanded midregion
27
nuclear chain fiber
(in muscle spindle) type of spindle cell having many nuclei arranged in a chain
28
Types of sensory afferent nerve fibers coming from muscle spindles
Ia- annulospiral endings over both types of spindle cells. 2: flowerspray endings over the striated portions of bag fibers
29
Golgi tendon organs
found in the tendons of muscle and respond to increased tension on the muscle. Contain only sensory (afferent, 1b) nerve fibers, monitor tension.
30
thin filament consists of?
actin, troponin, and tropomyosin