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Foundations Exam 1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe how tissues are stained in Trichrome stains.

A

Nuclei and basophillic stain blue
Collagen stains green or glue
Cytoplasm, muscle, erythrocytes, and keratin stain bright red.

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2
Q

Describe how PAS will stain.

A

Stain for carbohydrates that detects aldehyde groups. Glycogen, mucus, basement membrane, polysaccharides, glycoproteins= magenta.

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3
Q

Name cell structures which are Basophilic (acidic)

A

DNA, RNA, ribosomes, glycosaminoglycans.

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4
Q

Name cell structures which are Acidophilic (basic)

A

cytoplasmic filaments, fibrous proteins, mitochondria, secretory granules.

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5
Q

What does Sudan Black and Osmium stain for?

A

Stain lipid containing structures black.

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6
Q

What is Metal impregnation with silver salts used for?

A

Reticular fibers of connective tissue stain black.

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7
Q

What are presentations of Pre-Fixation artifacts?

A

Lazer knife damage along margins, crush artifacts, freezing damage (explosion of tissues).

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8
Q

List examples and descriptions of Fixation artifacts

A
  • Zonal Fixation: some areas appear more stained than others due to thick/large samples.
  • Fixation pigments: clustered, abnormal clumps of stained area.
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9
Q

List examples and descriptions of Tissue Processing artifacts.

A
  • Dehydration, Clearing, Infiltration: Shrinkage and separations of tissues.
  • Embedding: air or particulates trapped in paraffin surrounding sample.
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10
Q

List examples and descriptions of Mounting artifacts.

A
  • Slicing: knife lines/scores, wash boarding effect (wavy potato chip look to entire section).
  • Mounting: air bubbles, folds, particulate contamination
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11
Q

What are presentations of Staining artifacts?

A

Incomplete or uneven staining.

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12
Q

Connective Tissue:

  1. What are its primary functions?
  2. What are its distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Protects and supports body and organs, Binds organs together, Fat storage.
  2. Few cells-Lots of ECM, Can be regular or irregular.
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13
Q

Epithelial Tissue:

  1. What are its primary functions?
  2. What are its distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Protection, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion.

2. Many cells-Small amount of ECM, Arranged in layers or groups.

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14
Q

Muscle Tissue:

  1. What are its primary functions?
  2. What are its distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Movement and generation of force.

2. Moderate amount of ECM. Arranged in parallel bundles. Elongated cells.

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15
Q

Nervous Tissue:

  1. What are its primary functions?
  2. What are its distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Receive, generate, and transmits nerve impulses .

2. Very little ECM. Composed of Neurons (Elongated cells with fine, elongated processes) and Neurolglia

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16
Q

What cell types make up Connective Tissue?

A

Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes, Adipocytes, Macrphages, Mast Cells, Leukocytes, Plasma Cells.

17
Q

What are the 3 types of fiber present in CT? Describe major histological markers.

A

Collagen: Thicker. Acidophilic. Blue in trichrome. Wavy in LM.
Elastic: Thin. Weak pink OR Orcein stain→ dark brown. Van Gieson→ stain blue/black. Gomori aldehyde fushsin→ stain purple.
Reticular: Thinnest. Black in Silver salt stain. Can be PAS positive.

18
Q

What are the different types of CT proper? Describe major histological markers.

A

Mesenchyme: sparse, uniformly distributed with collagen fibers.
Mucoid: random fibroblasts and collagen fibers in matrix.
Loose: Many cells, little collagen, random distribution.
Dense irregular: Few cells, Random rivers.
Dense regular: Parallel bundle of collagen, few fibrolblasts.

19
Q

Fibroblasts (CT cell type)

  1. What are their primary functions?
  2. What are their distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Produce and maintain ECM components. Wound healing.
  2. Elongated cell with many tapering cytoplasmic processes. Nucelus is large, ovoid, with prominent nucleolus. Basophilic cytoplasm with lots of RER. Many oval shaped mitochondria.
20
Q

Fibrocytes (CT cell type)

  1. What are their primary functions?
  2. What are their distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Inactive fibroblast.

2. Spindle shaped with fewer processes. Dark condensed nucleus. Weakly acidophilic cytoplasm.

21
Q

Adipocytes (CT cell type).

  1. What are their primary functions?
  2. What are their distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Store lipids. Cushion.

2. Large empty cells. Nuclei and Cytoplasm pushed to side. Require Osmium or Sudan black to see lipids.

22
Q

Macrophages (CT cell type).

  1. What are their primary functions?
  2. What are their distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Phagocytic. Secrete cytokines. Innate immune sysstem.

2. Variable, irregular shape with protrusions. Nucelus is eccentric and oval shaped. Many lysosomes and vacuoles.

23
Q

Mast cells (CT cell type)

  1. What are their primary functions?
  2. What are their distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Located near small vessels and linking of GI or respiratory. Release substances for local inflammatory response/allergic.
  2. Oval shaped. Central nucleus but obscured by many basophilic granules.
24
Q

Leukocytes (CT cell type)

  1. What are their primary functions?
  2. What are their distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Immune defense.

2. Small densely stained nuclei. Thin halo of poorly stained cytoplasm.

25
Q

Plasma Cells (CT cell type)

  1. What are their primary functions?
  2. What are their distinguishing histological features?
A
  1. Antibodies.

2. Large, ovoid cells. Spoked wheel nucleus. Basophilic cytoplasm. Fingerprint from RER. No large secretory vesicles.

26
Q

Describe White and Brown adipose tissue

A

White: abundant. Chicken wire. Unilocular adipocytes. Nucleus to side.
Brown: neonates, adrenal gland, or great vessels. Multilocular fat cells. Central Nucleus.

Foundations Exam 1 (8 decks)

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