Histology Flashcards
Definition of a tissue
tissues are groups of cells and the extracellular matrix in which they are embedded.
Histology is synomous with what?
microscopic anatomy
basic on skeletal muscles
voluntary, striated, cylindrical, multinucleated, nuclei are peripherally located within the cells
Cardiac (simple)
involuntary, striated, branched, single center nucleus
smooth muscle cells
involuntary, not striated, fusiform, single center nucleus
What two subtypes are epithelium divided into?
membranous and glandular
4 things about membranous epithelium
avascular, aneural, covers outer surface of the body, lines all luminal organs.
How is membranous epithelium classified?
Simple or stratified based on its thickness (single, mutliple), cuboidal, columnar, squamous based on the shape of the surface cells.
which two membranous epithelium do not fit the standard classification scheme?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium and transitional epithelium.
3 things about glandular epithelium
has a blood and nerve supply, forms the secretory portion of glands
how are glands classified?
unicellular, multicellular based on number of secretory cells and as endocrine/exocrine based on whether the secretory product is released into the blood stream or onto a free body surface.
duct system classification of exocrine glands
fattern of duct system : simple or compound, the overall shape of the groups of secretory cells (tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar) and by mode of secretion.
What do all connective tissues have in common?
cells suspended in an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground substance.
Connective tissue proper( fibrous connective tissue) is the main component of what
tendons, ligaments, fascia, and the ensheathments called epimysium, epineurium, and periosteum.
connective tissue classification
fibers loose or dense, regular or irregular, elastic, reticular, or collagenous
how many types of bone tissue are there?
three major types and a mineralized matrix
what three groups is cartilage divided into?
elastic, hyaline, and fibrocartilage based on the predominat fibers int he extracelluar matrix.
what does adipose tissue resemble?
connective tissue proper with significant adipose cell content
what are some other connective tissues?
bone marrow tissue, reticular connective tissue, primitive connective tissue (mesenchyme)
What are the two major cell types of nervous tissue?
neurons and glial cells
how are neurons classified?
pseudounipolar, multipolar, bipolar and functionally as sensory or motor and visceral or somatic.
What is apocrine secretion?
a secretory mode of glandular epithelium where part of the cell physically breaks away to form the secretory product. Opposite of merocrine (eccrine) secretion.
Merocrine (eccrine) secretion?
no visible part of the cell enters the secretory product.
holocrine secretion?
cells die and slough to become the secretion
Bone marrow tissue definition?
material that occupies the medullary cavities of bones. called red bone marrow when actively hemopoietic; yellow bone marrow when it contains a lot of adipocytes, and gelatinous bone marrow when someone is getting old and their bones are deteriorating.
bone tissue
mineralized subtype of connective tissue. It is the only body material routinely mineralized forms major structural component of the bones.
cartilage definintion
connective tissue that is firm but is not mineralized in its matrix. has three subtypes based on the major tipe of fibers found there. elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage ( which has reticular fibers)
Connective tissue proper is also known as what
fibrous connective tissue. It forms part of every organ.
definitio for extracellular matrix
material outside of and between cells. some tissues have a proteinaceous fibers as waell as an amorphous protein/polysaccharide material called round substance.
What is included in proteinaceous e.c. fibers
elastin, collagen, and reticulin
what is ground substance made of?
protein/polysaccharide of extracellular matrix. Polysaccharide portion is made of chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyaluronic acid.
what is mesenchyme?
primitive connective tissue. found in IV disks and in loose connective tissue around vessels.
neuroglial cells
support cells for neurons, don’t conduct
primary germ layer
any of the three defined strata that are formed during developmet: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
bio
life
blasto
formative
ekto
outside
endon
within
erythro
red
epi
on, upon
fibra
small fiber
glia
glue
histo
web, tissue
hormon
to stimulate
hylain
glassy
kerato
horn
klast
to break
kolla
glue
krinein
to separate
matrix
the womb, origin
mikro
small
para
beside
patho
suffering, disease
reticulatus
netlike
squamo
scales
thele
nipple, teat
Epithelial: intercellular material, regerative capacity, major types (2), origin (3), function
none, high, membranous and glandular, endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm, secretes and covers surfaces
Muscle tissue: interc material, regenerative, major types (3), origin, function
small amount of connective t. P. , low, smooth cardiac, skeletal, mesoderm, contracts
Connective tissue: interc. materials, regenerative, major types, origin, fn.
abundant fibers and ground substance, high, CT poper, bone blood cartilage, adipose tissue and several others.
Nervous tissue: intercellular material, regenerative capacity, major types, origin, fn
non, low, two major cell types not subdivided, ectoderm, conducts
what does the endoderm become?
lining epithelium of most parts of the visceral organs.
What are myofibrils?
alternating stacks of proteins actin and myosin. Actin and myosin are called myofilaments.
Skeletal muscle specifications
striated, no regeneration, connective tissue sheath,large, cylindrical, several centimeters long, several nuclei near peripheral aspect of cells because of so much actin and myosin.
Cardiac muscle tissue
involuntary, autonomic nervous system in charge, y shaped, striated, intercalated disks, central nucleus, smaller than muscle cells
smooth mucle tissue
in the walls of blood vessels, walls of visceral organs, base of hair follicles, iris and ciliary body of eyeball. helps to poop, involuntary. Fusiform in shape, one central nucleus. not striated.
simple squamous epithelium
lining vessels (endothelium), serous body cavities (mesothelium) pumonary aveoli
simple cuboidal epithelium
lining renal tubules, thyroid follicles, ducts
simple columnar epithelium
lining intestinal lumen (nto ciliated) lining uterine tube (ciliated)
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
lining respiratory passageways (ciliated in most locations)
transitional epithelium
lining urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
stratified squamous epithelium
outer part of skin (keratinized) lining of oral cavity, vagina, anal canal (non karatinized)
stratified cuboidal epithelium
larger ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
stratified columnar epitheium
exists only where other types join or blend together
what makes membranous epithelium different from glandular?
covers outer, lines inner
avascular, aneural, varies in thickness
between epithelium and tissue is a layer called basement membrane
what is the basement membrane made of?
extracellular glycoprotein made by the epithelium
how to classifiy membranous Epithelium
layers: squamous: flat
cuboidal: globular
columnar(elongated. shape is different at baesment membrane, shape is determined by what is seen at surface.
What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium also known as?
respiratory epithelium. it is ciliated.
three things that makes glandular epithelium different than membranous epithelium
innervated, no basement membrane, vascular
give a brief overview of connective tissue proper
structural parts of the body, in every organ. The main cell type in CT proper is fibroblasts(baby) or fibrocyte(adult). Fibroblasts make three kinds of fibers. Collagenous, elastic and reticular.
Tell about collagenous fibers and where they come from.
collagenous fibers are fibers produced by fibroblasts which are the main cell type in CT proper. Collagenous fibers are made of collagen protein. they are inelastic, but STROng.
tell about elastic fibers and where they come from
elastic fibers originate from fibroblasts which are the main cell type of ct proper. They are made of elastin protein, and stretch and resume shape!
tell about reticular fibers and where they come from
reticular fibers come from fibroblasts which are the main cell type of ct proper. They are made of a protein called reticulin. Its like a thin collagenous fiber.
please tell of three criterion for classifying ct proper
loose/dense. LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES ARE ALWAYS IRREGULAR!
regular/irregular- regular means parallel. irregular means not parallel.
fiber type: which dominates?
what is loose connective tissue?
always irregular
what is loose irregular ct proper known as
areolar connective tissue
three types of bone tissue
osteoblast- secrete (mainly collagenous) fibers and ground substance
osteocytes- old osteoblasts that are trapped in lacunae( small cavities in the matrix.
osteoclasts-multinucleated giant cells reabsorb bone tissue
what makes bones hard?
precipitate of calcium phosphate onto CT proper.
Three types of cartilage?
chondroblast-arise from mesenchyme. make extracel. matrix, secrete fibers and ground substance.
chondroclast-giant cell that absorbs cartilage.
how does cartilage become hard?
it is not mineralized, but is firm. If forms lacunae around chondrocytes and chondroblasts.
Three types of cartilage;
fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage, hyaline.
all about fibrocartilage
dense collagenous fibers in matrix impart strenght and resistance to tearing or compression. In IV disks and menisci.
elastic cartilage
elastic fibers in matrix. Imparts elasticity. In ear and larynx.
hyaline cartilage:
delicate reticular fibers in matrix. Looks clear under microscope. It is found on articular parts of bones (joins). Then it is called articular cartilage.
blood clotting mechanism
fibrinogen converted to insoluble fibrin causes precipitate and clotting. the fibrinogen is in the matrix.
loose irregular ct proper does what special function?
makes superficial fascia(hypodermis) that binds skin to underlying structures.
dense irregular ct proper
makes up tendons, ligaments and retinacula.
reticular connective tissue
modified fibroblasts called reticulocytes that secrete reticular fibers preset in lyph spleen thymus medullary cavity of bones.
bone marrow tissue
medullary cavity and is home to a bee hive of hemocytoblast derivates. hive is made of reticular ct.
what is mesenchyme?
it is primitive connective tissue (undifferentiated). It is around blood vessels and iv disks.
about neurons
axon: impulses away from cell body
dendrite: impulses towards cell body
tendon
dense regular collagenous ct proper band(cord) that attaches muscle belly to its site of origin or insertion. Broad flat sheet like tendon is called aponeurosis.
D: ligament
dense regular collagenous ct proper band that stablilizes skeletal structures at a joint.
D: Fascia
loose or dense irregular collagenous ct proper that binds skin to underlying structures, vessels and nerves. It groups muscles together, or nerves.
periosteum, endosteum
dense irregular collagenous ct proper that encases a bone (periosteum) and lines it medullary cavity(endosteum)
joint capsule
dense irregular collagenous ct proper that surrounds /encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joit. It is lined by a synovial membrane.
epi, peri, and endomysium
the dense irregular collagenous ct proper that encases a whole muscle belly( epimysium), a bundle of muscle cells within a muscle belly (perimysium) or an individula muscle cell (endomysium)
retinaculum
dense regular collagenous ct proper band that binds tendons together and holds them in certain locations.
dental pulp
loose irregular ctp witin the pulp cavities of teeth.
lamina propria
loose or dense irregular ctp that forms second layer in mucous membranes
submucosa
the loose or dense irregular ctproper that is found external tothe mucosa that lines many visceral organs.
adventitia
losse or dense irregular collagenous ctproper that encases blood vessels and covers viscera in locations where serous membranes are not present.
sclera
dense irregular collagenous ct proper that forms much of the fibrous tunic of the eye ball. White of the eye.
Dermis
dense irregular collagenous ct proper that forms the second down layer in the skin
hypodermis
loose irregular connective tissue p that is synonomous with superficial fascia.
articular cartilage
hyaline cartilage that forms bearing surfaces in synovial joints
articular disc
separates from being bone on bone in joints
epiphyseal cartilage
separates ossified portions of growing bones: hyaline cartilage. growth plate.
What is another name for eccrine gland
Merocrine
Examples of eccrine glands
Sweat glands, liver, pancreas
Examples of apocrine glands
Mammary glands and some sweat glands
Ex of holocrine glands
Sebaceous glands of skin, ceruminous glands
Glandular epithelium development
Comes from membranous epitheium
What forms nucleus pulposis
Primitive ct mesenchyme
What forms annulus fibrosus
Fibrocartilage
