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Renal Physiology > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What structures and describe their relation are in the renal medulla?

A

Pyramids- appear striated in linear orientation of LOH and CD, Have a base at the cortical medullary junct. and an apex which is the papilla projecting into the minor calyx, Cribrosa- sieve on tip of papilla where papillary ducts empty, column made of cortical like material on lateral margins of pyramid

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2
Q

What structures and describe their relation are in the renal cortex?

A

vascularized, looks granular due to glomeruli, medullary rays- striations extending from base of pyramid

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3
Q

What is the cortical labyrinth and where can it be found?

A

areas in medulla and cortex that contain renal corpuscles, PCT and DCT

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4
Q

What can be found in the renal sinus?

A

the renal pelvis, blood vessels, nerves and fat

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5
Q

what are the basic functions of the kidney?

A

filter blood, reabsorb nutrients, control water ion and salt balance, rid body of metabolic waste (urea and uric acid) as well as toxins and drugs, endocrine functions: activate vitamin D, release erythropoietin, synthesize and release renin

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6
Q

What is the renal stroma?

A

fibrous CT capsule and delicate interstitial CT (renal interstitium), cortex fibroblasts (collagen I & III, GAGs), macrophages, medulla myofibroblasts (some contractile ability, little in cortex progressively increases in medulla

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7
Q

What is the renal parenchyma?

A

functional unit of kidney, nephron and CD, they are also the structural unit of the kidney

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8
Q

What is the difference between the nephron tubule and the uriniferous tubule?

A

N: glomerulus to DCT; U: glomerulus to CD

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9
Q

what is another name for the Thick DL of LOH? Why? Thick AL of LOH? Why?

A

straight PCT, Straight DCT, similar histologically

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10
Q

What type of system is the renal vascular network on the glomerular side?

A

portal system, artery-> glomerulus -> artery

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11
Q

what are the histological features of the PCT?

A

cuboidal to low columnar epithelium, oval central nuclei, eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm, well developed apical brush border, indistinct lateral border due to interdigitations, numerous mitochondria on basolateral surface

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12
Q

what are the histological features of the proximal straight tubule?

A

cuboidal cells (less active than PCT), microvilli shorter than PCT, basolateral invagination less numerous, mitochondria smaller and randomly oriented than in PCT; Lighter staining than PCT due to less cytoplasmic enzymes

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13
Q

what are the histological features of the thin limb LOH?

A

simple squamous epithelium, nuclei bulge into lumen (with lower pressure), poorly developed apical and lateral plasma membrane, relatively few mitochondria, associated with Vasa recta in JM nephron)

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14
Q

what are the histological features of the Distal straight tubule?

A

stain lightly with eosin (less active), indistinct margins, round nucleus more apical than PCT and PST, mitochondria with basal infoldings fewer than PT, microvilli fewer and less well formed than PT- microvilli usually cleaved during slide prep so they appear to be inside the lumen

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15
Q

what are the histological features of the DCT?

A

stain lightly with eosin (less active), indistinct margins, round nucleus more apical than PCT and PST, mitochondria with basal infoldings fewer than PT, microvilli fewer and less well formed than PT- microvilli usually cleaved during slide prep so they appear to be inside the lumen; specialized area macula ednsa where cells and nuclei appear to be pilling on top of each other, close to afferent and efferent arteriole

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16
Q

what are the histological features of the CT and CD?

A

distal end of DCT to tip of renal papilla, increase in diameter as proceed distal to cortex, obvious lateral cell border due to lack of interdigitations, large clear lumen made up of two cell types: principle (light) cells (CD cells) and intercalated (dark) cells (IC cells), at termination in area cribrosa epithelium changes to columnar urothelium

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of the CD cells?

A

primary cilium containing AQP-2, 3, &4 which are responsive to ADH, movement of H2O and Na+

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18
Q

What are the characteristic of IC cells?

A

secretion of H+ (alpha intercalated cells), and HCO3- (beta intercalated cells) adjust pH by insertion of transporters into plasma membrane

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19
Q

What is in the medullary rays?

A

straight segments of proximal and distal tubule and collecting tubule

20
Q

What is a renal lobule?

A

medullary ray and cortical tissue draining into tubule of that medullary ray or area between two interlobular arteries

21
Q

What are the features of the subcapsular or superficial nephron?

A

glomerulus in outer cortex, LOH short (only extends into to outer medulla) lacks thin ascending limb of LOH, efferent arteriole then supplies peritubular network of capillaries to its own tubule and adjacent tubules

22
Q

What are the features of the juxtamedullary nephron?

A

small percentage, glomerulus near junction of cortex and medulla, larger renal corpuscles, LOH longer and extend deeper into medulla, efferent arterioles supply some peritubular capillaries or they branch to form the vasa recta surrounding CD and LOH

23
Q

What is in the outer stripe and where can it be found?

A

in medulla near cortex, thick portions of LOH and CD

24
Q

What is in the inner stripe and where can it be found?

A

in medulla closer to apex of pyramid than outer stripe, thin descending LOH, thick ascending LOH, and CD, (lack thin ascending limb)

25
Q

What is in the inner deep medulla?

A

thin limbs of LOH and CD

26
Q

What are the five segmental arteries of the kidney?

A

apical segmental (superior pole of kidney), Anterosuperior Segmental Artery, Anteroinferior Segmental Artery, Inferior Segmental artery, and Posterior segmental artery; these are end arteries and do not anastomose

27
Q

What does each segmental artery divide into?

A

interlobar artery traveling between pyramids, sometimes a lobar artery inside the pyramid, interlobars turn both ways to become arcuate arteries (no anastomoses) and branches coming off at 90 degrees from arcuate is the interlobular

28
Q

Where can the vasa recta be found and what do they become when the ascend?

A

in the medulla, venulae rectae

29
Q

Describe the pathway of drainage of veins in superficial nephrons.

A

stellate vein to interlobular to arcuate to interlobar to lobar to segmental to renal

30
Q

What is unique feature of the capillaries in the vasa recta?

A

both venous and arterial side are thin walled, fenestrated without a diaphragm

31
Q

What are the components of the visceral layer of bowmen’s capsule?

A

podocytes adjacent to endothelium, both share a basal lamina, filtration slit with diaphragm

32
Q

What are the structural features of podocytes and their functions?

A

cell body containing nucleus which extends into urinary space, primary process and secondary process called pedicels or foot processes (only portion in contact with vessel via basal lamina), space between pedicels is the filtration slit containing a diaphragm with nephrin connecting neighboring pedicels by forming homodimers and podicin inside the pedicels anchoring the nephrin to the cytoskeleton; have a negatively charged glycocalyx

33
Q

What is the filtration barrier made up of?

A

two discontinuous cell layers (fenestrated endothelium and interdigitating pedicels) as well as a fused basal laminae from adjacent epithelial layers

34
Q

What are the features of the endothelium inside the glomerulus?

A

glycocalyx consisting of proteoglycans on luminal surface (- charge repels large anionic proteins), fenestrations freely permeable to H20, solutes (Na, urea, glucose, small proteins) not permeable to large proteins and cells, abundance of aquaporins AQP-1

35
Q

What are features of the shared basal lamina of the glomerulus and podocytes?

A

lamina rara externa- rich in polyanions such as heparin sulfate, laminin, and fibronectin; lamina rara interna- similar to externa; lamina densa- type IV collagen network inhibiting large molecules, collagen XVIII, perlecan and agrin confer anionic charge

36
Q

What three cells make up the JGA? function?

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus, macula densa, JG cells, and extraglomerular mesangial cells or Lacis cells; thought to modulate blood flow through glomerulus

37
Q

What is the macula densa? location? function?

A

portion of wall of DCT, adjacent to vascular pole of renal corpuscle, cells taller and closely packed together, thought to act as sensor to osmolarity and volume and paracrine action to JG cells to release renin

38
Q

What are JG cells? Location? Function?

A

modified smooth muscle cells in wall of afferent arteriole sometimes efferent, secrete renin,

39
Q

What are mesangial cells? location? function?

A

derived from smooth muscle or monocyte precursors, positioned similar to pericytes, extraglomerular are next to JG cells, intraglomerular- located between glomerular capillary loops; alter filtration rate by modulating blood flow and surface area for filtration, ability to contract and relax to do this (contain actin, myosin, and alpha actin), structural support- synthesize ECM components (collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin, and perlecan), phagocytize and dispose of molecules trapped by glomerular basement membrane (immune complexes)

40
Q

What are the various components of the excretory passage? What are they lined with?

A

minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra; urothelium (transitional epithelium)

41
Q

What is urothelium? Properties?

A

transitional epithelium, number of layers vary on the region, impermeable to salts and water, distensible- relaxed cells rounded with occasional clefts, binucleate, apical cytoplasm with numerous fusiform vesicles (plaques of thickened plasma), when distended fusiform vesicles unfold unto surface and cells go from cuboidal to squamous, 0supported by lamina propria (loose collagen network

42
Q

What is the makeup of the calyx wall?

A

urothelium 2-3 layers thick (same thickness through renal pelvis)

43
Q

What is the make up of the ureter wall?

A

urothelium 3-5 layers thick, lamina propria, submucosa, inner longitudinal and outer circular muscle layer (additional layer of longitudinal outside circular closer to bladder) and adventitia (CT blending into body cavity appears torn and frayed on slide)

44
Q

What is a serosa?

A

simple squamous epithelium (peritoneal cavity)

45
Q

What is the makeup of the wall of the urinary bladder?

A

5-7 layers of urothelium relaxed 2-3 when distended, muscle layer 3 layers of smooth muscle mixed with collagen (inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal),

46
Q

What is the make up of the male urethra?

A

20-25cm long; prostatic- trans. epithelium, membranous- wall is striated muscle from UG and pelvic diaphragm to bulb trans. epithelium and is replaced by psuedostrat. or stratified columnar, skeletal muscle of UG and Pelvic diaphragm form external (voluntary) urethral sphincter, and penile- psuedostrat or strat. columnar then stratified squamous on external orifice in glans penis

47
Q

What is the make up of the female urethra?

A

5 cm long; crescent shaped, initially lined with urothelium then stratified squamous epithelium, may contain mucin secreting glands, lamina propria highly vascularized with elastic fibers

Renal Physiology (5 decks)

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